Introduction to environmental engineering / Stefan Fränzle, Bernd Markert, and Simone Wünschmann.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Fränzle, Stefan, 1961- author.

Contributor:

Markert, Bernd.

Wünschmann, Simone, 1967-

ebrary, Inc.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xiv, 420 pages) : illustrations

Place of Publication:

Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH, 2012.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Building on the first principles of environmental chemistry, engineering, and ecology, this volume fills the need for an advanced textbook introducing the modern, integrated environmental management approach, with a view towards long-term sustainability and within the framework of international regulations.

As such, it presents the classic technologies alongside innovative ones that are just now coming into widespread use, such as photochemical technologies and carbon dioxide sequestration. Numerous case studies from the fields of air, water and soil engineering describe real-life solutions to problems in pollution prevention and remediation, as an aid to practicing professional skills.

With its tabulated data, comprehensive list of further reading, and a glossary of terms, this book doubles as a reference for environmental engineers and consultants. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Definition, History, Discipline 1

1.1 Definition of Environmental Engineering 1

1.2 History and Development of Environmental Engineering 3

1.3 From Environmental Chemistry and Technology to Environmental Engineering: Understanding and Diversifying Anthropogenic Environmental Influences 20

1.3.1 Meaning of Pollutant Degradation 26

1.3.2 Substances and Their Sources 43

1.3.3 Transport and Chemical Alteration of Environmental Chemicals 50

1.3.4 Reactions and Effects 53

1.3.5 Examples of Lipophilic Behavior, Accumulation and Toxicity: Kinds and Reasons of Effects Caused by Organotin Compounds 55

1.3.6 The Term "Heavy Metals" and Its (Purported) Chemical and Toxicological Ramifications 57

1.4 How to Determine Environmental Pollution 59

1.4.1 From Methods of Trace Analysis up to Understanding the Underlying Processes 59

1.4.1.1 Inorganic and Organic Compounds 63

1.4.1.2 Speciation and Concentration 65

1.4.1.3 Quality Control of Analysis 66

1.4.1.4 Accreditation of Laboratories 68

1.4.2 Physical Methods in Chemical and Environmental Analysis, Modeling Ecosystems and the Role of Ecotoxicology in Integrative Environmental Sciences 70

1.4.2.1 Analytical Chemistry 71

1.4.2.2 Geographical Information Systems 72

1.4.2.3 Biotest-Biological and Ecotoxicological Implications 74

1.4.2.4 Locating Soil Pollution Sites by Geoelectric and Other Means 77

1.5 Biological System of the Elements 80

1.5.1 Specificity 85

1.5.2 Essentiality 86

1.5.3 Bioavailability 88

1.5.4 Toxicity 91

1.6 Information and Communication 93

1.6.1 What Is This Thing Called Information? 94

1.6.2 Information Processing and Communication-The Ratio and Relationship between Subjective and Objective Factors in Processes of Recognition 95

1.6.3 Ways of Producing Knowledge Established in Natural Sciences Lead Us Back to Accepting and Integrating Plurality of Views and Opinions 98

1.6.4 Examples from Environmental Research 101

1.6.5 Performance of Brain and Modern Computers; a Comparison-Artificial Intelligence and the Internet 103

1.6.6 Emotional Intelligence 105

1.6.7 How to Shape Dialogic Education Processes (DEP) as a Future Principle of Communication 107

1.7 Ethical Aspects for Society 107

1.7.1 A Market-Based Economy 109

1.7.2 Democracy and Its Limitations 112

1.7.3 Protocol for the Future: Grow along with Your Challenges 114

1.7.3.1 Thoughts on the Future 114

1.7.3.2 International Quality Ends 116

1.7.3.3 Learn How to Learn 117

1.7.3.4 Transborder and International Regions of Education 119

1.7.3.5 Think Tanks Can Be Sites and Means of Smart Conflict Handling and Identify Integrative Solutions for Problems of Society 120

1.7.3.6 How Much Time Is Left for Solutions Taking Care of and Integrating the Present Problems? 120

1.7.3.7 Conclusion 122

2 The Compartments of the Environment-Structure, Function and Chemistry 125

2.1 The Three Environmental Compartments and Their Mutual Interactions: Lessons for Environmental Situation Analysis and Technologies to be Learned from Comparative Planetology 125

2.2 Properties of Earth's Environmental Compartments and Resulting Options to Clean Them 133

2.2.1 Atmosphere 133

2.2.1.1 The Reactor Concept Applied to the Atmosphere 138

2.2.1.2 Structure and Layers of the Atmosphere 140

2.2.1.3 The Atmosphere Acting as a Reactor: the Specific Role(s) of Highly Reactive Species 143

2.2.1.4 Chemical Peculiarities: Acidic and/or Hydrophilic Gases in the Atmosphere 148

2.2.1.5 Air is a Multiphase System 149

2.2.1.6 Catalytic Processes in the Atmosphere 151

2.2.1.7 Chemical Reactivity, Growth and Removal (Precipitation) of Particles from Atmosphere 155

2.2.1.8 Conclusions Concerning Air Quality Integrity 156

2.2.2 Water (Fresh-, Marine-, Groundwater) 156

2.2.2.1 Water as a Medium: Density, Optical and Thermal Properties, and Effects thereof on Biological Processes 157

2.2.2.2 Chemical Properties and Their Variation 161

2.2.2.3 Water as a Multiphase System 163

2.2.2.4 Freshwater, Seawater, Osmotic Pressure, Redox States and Biology 164

2.2.2.5 Non-Equilibria among Different Water Layers Can Promote Chemistry, Biological Processes and Deposition of Materials 169

2.2.2.6 Biogeochemical Cycles in Water, Stoichiometric Ecology and the Design of Sewage Treatment Plants Making Use of Biotechnology 170

2.2.3 Soils and Sediments 173

2.2.3.1 Soil as a Multiphase System 174

2.2.3.2 Important Chemical Features of Soils 177

2.2.3.3 Soil as a Bioreactor 178

2.2.3.4 Gradients Do Form in Soils 180

2.2.3.5 Perturbations of Soil Development 182

2.2.3.6 Implications for Soil Sanitation 183

2.3 A Comparison among Environmental Compartments: Phase Composition, Miscibility toward Key Reactants and Contaminants, Transparency and Biological Activity 190

Conclusions 195

3 Innovative Technologies 197

3.1 Criteria for Innovation 197

3.1.1 Sustainability 198

3.1.2 National and International Jurisdiction 200

3.1.3 Cost/Benefit Calculations 202

3.2 Examples of Innovative Environmental Technologies 203

3.2.1 Precipitation, Adsorption and Immobilization 205

3.2.1.1 Precipitation 205

3.2.1.2 Adsorption 208

3.2.1.3 Immobilization 211

3.2.2 Redox Potentials, Pourbaix Diagrams and Speciation 212

3.2.3 Reaction Kinetics and Hammett Equation 226

3.2.3.1 When Can Charge Density Patterns Control Kinetics of Entire (Larger) Molecules? 227

3.2.3.2 Chemical Properties of Aromatic Compounds 228

3.2.3.3 Kinetic Modeling of Reactions at Non-aromatic Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by the Taft Equation 235

3.2.3.4 Partition of Volatile Aromatics and Their Respective Oxidation Kinetics between Air and Water: Practical Examples from Environmental Chemistry 237

3.2.4 Activation Barriers versus Catalysis 240

3.2.4.1 Reaction Kinetics and Mutual Repulsion among Molecules 240

3.2.4.2 Kinetics, Catalysis, Equilibrium 242

3.2.4.3 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Catalysis 244

3.2.5 Throughflow Equilibria and How to Run a Process 248

3.2.5.1 Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Kinetics 248

3.2.5.2 From Equilibrium Thermodynamics into Flow Systems: Which Are the Effects by Adding and Removing Substances Steadily? 249

3.2.5.3 Nonlinear Chemical Kinetics Can Occur in Throughflow Systems 251

3.2.5.4 Flow Equilibria in Biology: The Blueprint and Precondition for Biomimetic Processes 252

3.2.5.5 The Hard Way into Flow Equilibrium 254

4 Specific Studies 257

4.1 Atmosphere 258

4.1.1 Bioindication and Biomonitoring 258

4.1.1.1 The Problem 259

4.1.1.2 Definitions 260

4.1.1.3 Using Plants as Bioindicators/Biomonitors 263

4.1.1.4 Comparision of Instrumental Measurements and the Use of Bioindicators with Respect to Harmonization and Quality Control 266

4.1.1.5 Examples of Bioindication/Biomonitoring: Controlling the Atmospheric Deposition of Chemical Elements by Using Mosses and Spanish "Moss" (Tillandsia usneoides) 267

4.1.1.6 Conclusion/Outlook: Construction of a Setup for Preventive Healthcare 276

4.1.2 CO₂ Reduction 276

4.1.2.1 The Problem 276

4.1.2.2 Applicable Principles and Technical Solutions 285

4.1.2.3 A Practical Example 291

4.1.2.4 CO₂-based Radiative Forcing versus Other Sources and Distributions of Waste Heat: What about Nuclear Energy? 294

4.1.2.5 Conclusion 295

4.2 Soils and Sediments 296

4.2.1 Phytoremediation 296

4.2.1.1 The Problem 296

4.2.1.2 Purposes of Mitigation of Noxious Effects 297

4.2.1.3 The Use of Certain Plants and Trees to Clean up Soil 299

4.2.1.4 The Efficacy of Bioremediation Has Been Determined Chemically 302

4.2.1.5 Conclusion 304

4.2.2 Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid-Its Chemical Properties, Persistence, Ecological Hazards and Methods of Removal 305

4.2.2.1 The Problem 305

4.2.2.2 Fields and Amounts of EDTA Application 306

4.2.2.3 The Compound and Its Properties: Why a Complexing Agent Makes Trouble 309

4.2.2.4 Principles of Action (Pathways of EDTA Degradation) and Technical Remediation: A Survey of Chances and Obstacles 314

4.2.2.5 Practical Experience 320

4.2.2.6 Conclusion 321

4.3 Water 322

4.3.1 Reactive Walls 322

4.3.1.1 The Problem 322

4.3.1.2 Principles of Action and Practical Solutions 324

4.3.1.3 Conclusion 335

4.3.2 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment-Special Emphasis on Diclofenac (Voltaren™)-An Analgetic Agent with Difficult and Interesting Properties 335

4.3.2.1 The Problem 335

4.3.2.2 Toxicological Effects to Animals 337

4.3.2.3 Novel Methods of Removing Diclofenac 339

4.4 Energy-One of the Biggest Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. The Need for Renewable Energy 342

4.4.1 The Problems 342

4.4.1.1 Energy Depletion of Fossil Fuels 342

4.4.1.2 Climate Protection 346

4.4.1.3 The Role of Nuclear Power 348

4.4.2 Rethinking to the Way for Ecological Economics 354

4.4.2.1 Global View of Renewable Energy 355

4.4.2.2 Renewable Energy in Germany and the Planned Nuclear Exit 366

4.4.2.3 The Growth Region Ems Axis, Lower Saxony (Northwestern Germany) 367

4.4.3 Conclusion 371.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. : ebrary, 2011. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ebrary affiliated libraries.

OCLC:

774279004

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.