Functionalization of graphene / edited by Vasilios Georgakilas.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Georgakilas, Vasilios, editor.

Language:

German

Subjects (All):

Graphene.

Graphene--Industrial applications.

Genre:

Electronic books.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (426 pages) : illustrations (some color)

Place of Publication:

Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany : Wiley-VCH, 2014.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

All set to become the standard reference on the topic, this book covers the most important procedures for chemical functionalization, making it an indispensable resource for all chemists, physicists, materials scientists and engineers entering or already working in the field. Expert authors share their knowledge on a wide range of different functionalizations, including organic functional groups, hydrogen, halogen, biomolecules, other carbon nanostructures, metallic or metal oxide nanoparticles and polymers. About the Content: An Introduction to Graphene, Covalent Attachment of Organic Functional Groups on Pristine Graphene, Addition of Organic Groups through Reactions with Oxygen Species of Graphene Oxide, Chemical Functionalization of Graphene for Biomedical Applications, Immobilization of Enzymes and other Biomolecules on Graphene, Halogenated Graphenes: Emerging Family of Two-Dimensional Materials, Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene, Immobilization of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Graphene, Functionalization of Graphene by other Carbon Nanostructures, Doping of Graphene by Nitrogen, Boron and other Elements, Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene-Based Hybrid Materials Book jacket.

Contents:

1 An Introduction to Graphene / Konstantinos Spyrou Spyrou, Konstantinos, Petra Rudolf Rudolf, Petra 1

1.1 Brief History of Graphite 1

1.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 2

1.2.1 Preparation of Graphene from Graphene Oxide 3

1.2.2 Isolation of Pristine Graphene Monolayers 5

1.2.3 Large Scale Production of GO by Langmuir-Blodgett Methods 6

1.2.4 Other Methods of Graphene Production 6

1.3 Characterization of Graphene 9

1.3.1 Microscopic Observation 9

1.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy 11

1.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis 12

1.3.4 Optical Properties of Graphene 13

1.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction Pattern 17

References 18

2 Covalent Attachment of Organic Functional Groups on Pristine Graphene / Vasilios Georgakilas Georgakilas, Vasilios 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Cycloaddition Reactions 22

2.2.1 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylide 22

2.2.1.1 Through a Substituted Aldehyde Pathway 24

2.2.1.2 Through Substituted a Amino Acid Pathway 27

2.2.2 Cycloaddition by Zwitterionic Intermediate 28

2.2.3 Diels-Alder Cycloaddition 29

2.2.4 Nitrene Addition 30

2.2.5 Carbene Addition 35

2.2.6 Aryne Addition 36

2.2.7 Bingel Type Cycloaddition 37

2.3 Addition of Free Radicals 39

2.3.1 Diazonium Salt Reaction 39

2.3.2 Other Radical Additions 42

2.4 Nucleophilic Addition 46

2.5 Electrophilic Addition on Graphene 46

2.6 Organometalllc Chemistry of Graphene 48

2.7 Post Functionalization Reactions 50

2.8 Conclusion 55

References 56

3 Addition of Organic Groups through Reactions with Oxygen Species of Graphene Oxide / Vasilios Georgakilas Georgakilas, Vasilios 59

3.1 Introduction 59

3.1.1 Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites 60

3.2 The Role of Carboxylic Acids of GO 61

3.2.1 Organic Functionalization through Amide Bond Formation 61

3.2.1.1 Lipophilic Derivatives 61

3.2.1.2 Hydrophilic - Biocompatible Derivatives 62

3.2.1.3 Addition of Chromophores 64

3.2.1.4 Polymer Graphene Composite 69

3.2.2 Esterification of GO 71

3.2.3 Functionalization of GO through Heterocyclic Ring Formation 75

3.3 The Role of Hydroxyl Groups of GO 77

3.4 Miscellaneous Additions 78

3.4.1 Reaction of Carboxylic Acid and Hydroxyl Groups with Isocyanate Derivatives 78

3.4.2 Reaction of Epoxides with Carboxylic Acids or Hydroxyl Groups 78

3.4.3 Interaction of Ammonia with Carboxylic Acids and Epoxides of GO 80

3.4.4 Enrichment of GO in Carboxylic Acids 81

3.4.5 Addition of Gallium-Phthalocyanine (Ga-Pc) to GO through Ga-O Covalent Bond 82

3.5 The Role of Epoxide Groups of GO 83

3.5.1 Nucleophilic Addition of Amine to Epoxides 83

3.5.2 Addition of Chromophores 85

3.5.3 Addition of Polymers 86

3.6 Post Functionalization of GO 87

3.6.1 Post Functionalization of Organically Modified GO via Click Chemistry 87

3.6.2 Counter Anion Exchange 89

3.7 Conclusions 90

References 92

4 Chemical Functionalization of Graphene for Biomedical Applications / Cinzia Spinato Spinato, Cinzia, Cécilia Ménard-Moyon Ménard-Moyon, Cécilia, Alberto Bianco Bianco, Alberto 95

4.1 Introduction 95

4.2 Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Nanomaterials 97

4.2.1 Synthesis of GO and rGO 99

4.2.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide 99

4.2.1.2 Reduction of Graphene Oxide 99

4.2.2 Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Polymers 100

4.2.2.1 PEGylated-GO Conjugates 100

4.2.2.2 Covalent Linkage of Biopolymers 103

4.2.3 Tethering of Antibodies 105

4.2.4 Attachment of Nucleic Acids 106

4.2.5 Grafting of Peptides and Enzymes 108

4.2.6 Attachment of Other Organic Molecules and Biomolecules 108

4.3 Non-covalent Functionalization of Graphene 110

4.3.1 Adsorption via π-Stacking 110

4.3.1.1 Adsorption of Drugs 111

4.3.1.2 Adsorption of Pyrene Derivatives 111

4.3.1.3 Non-covalent Interactions with Nucleic Acids and Aptamers 113

4.3.1.4 Immobilization of Enzymes, Proteins, and Other Macro molecules 116

4.3.2 Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions 116

4.3.2.1 Coating with Polymers and Biopolymers 116

4.3.2.2 Deposition of Nanoparticles 119

4.3.2.3 Adsorption of Quantum Dots 121

4.4 Graphene-Based Conjugates Prepared by a Combination of Covalent and Non-covalent Functionalization 121

4.4.1 Polymer- and Biopolyrner-Grafted Graphene Nanomaterials Used as Nanocarriers 121

4.4.1.1 Polymer-Functionalized GO for Drug Delivery 122

4.4.1.2 Polymer-Functionalized GO for Gene Delivery 123

4.4.1.3 Chitosan-Functionalized GO 125

4.4.2 GO Functionalized with Targeting Ligands and Antibodies 125

4.4.2.1 Folic Acid-Conjugated GO 125

4.4.2.2 Antibody-Functionalized GO for Radioimaging and Biosensing 127

4.5 Conclusions 129

Acknowledgments 130

References 130

5 Immobilization of Enzymes and other Biomolecules on Graphene / Ioannh V. Pavlidis Pavlidis, Ioannh V., Michaela Patila Patila, Michaela, Angeliki C. Polydera Polydera, Angeliki C., Dimitrios Gournis Gournis, Dimitrios, Haralainpos Stamatis Stamatis, Haralainpos 139

5.1 Introduction 139

5.2 Immobilization Approaches 141

5.3 Applications of Immobilized Biomolecules 245

5.3.1 Biosensors 145

5.3.1.1 Glucose Oxidase-Based Biosensors 146

5.3.1.2 Horseradish Peroxidase-Based Biosensors 150

5.3.1.3 Tyrosinase-Based Biosensors 151

5.3.1.4 Cytochrome c-Based Biosensors 152

5.3.1.5 Other Protein/Enzyme Biosensors 152

5.3.1.6 NA Sensors 152

5.3.1.7 Immunosensors and Aptasensors 154

5.3.2 Biocatalysis 155

5.3.3 Biofuel Cells 159

5.3.4 Drug and Gene Delivery 161

5.4 Interactions between Enzymes and Nanomaterials 162

5.5 Conclusions 165

Abbreviations 165

References 166

6 Halogenated Graphenes: Emerging Family of Two-Dimensional Materials / Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta Datta, Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha, Radek Zboril Zboril, Radek 173

6.1 Introduction 173

6.2 Synthesis of Halogenated Graphenes 174

6.2.1 Fluorographene 175

6.2.1.1 Mechanical or Chemical Exfoliation - from Graphite Fluoride to Fluorographene 175

6.2.1.2 Fluorination of Graphene - from Graphene to Fluorographene 175

6.2.2 Nonstoichiometric Fluorinated Graphene and Fluorinated Graphene Oxide 175

6.2.3 Other Halogenated Graphenes 178

6.3 Characterization of Halogenated Graphenes 179

6.3.1 Fluorographene 279

6.3.2 Partially Fluorinated and Halogenated Graphenes 183

6.4 Chemistry, Properties, and Applications of Fluorographene and Fluorinated Graphenes 184

6.5 Chemistry and Properties of Chlorinated and Brominated Graphenes 190

6.6 Other Interesting Properties of Halogenated Graphenes and Their Applications 190

6.7 Halogenated Graphene-Graphene Heterostructures - Patterned Halogenation 193

6.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 195

References 195

7 Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene / Kingsley Christian Kemp Kemp, Kingsley Christian, Yeonchoo Cho Cho, Yeonchoo, Vimlesh Chandra Chandra, Vimlesh, Kwang Soo Kim Kim, Kwang Soo 199

7.1 Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene - Theoretical Background 299

7.1.1 Insight into the π-Interaction of Benzene 200

7.1.2 Adsorption on Graphene 201

7.2 Graphene-Ligand Noncovalent Interactions - Experiment 202

7.2.1 Polycyclic Molecules 202

7.2.2 Biomolecules 205

7.2.3 Polymers 207

7.2.4 Other Molecules 210

7.3 Conclusions 213

References 213

8 Immobilization of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Graphene / German Y. Veiez Veiez, German Y., Armando Encinas Encinas, Armando, Mildred Quintana Quintana, Mildred 219

8.1 Introduction 219

8.2 Graphene Production 219

8.2.1 Graphene Oxide (GO) 220

8.2.2 Functionalized Graphene (f-Graphene) 220

8.2.3 Graphene Growth on Metal Surfaces 220

8.2.4 Micromechanical Cleavage of Graphite 221

8.3 Graphene Functionalized with Metal Nanoparticles (M-NPs) 221

8.3.1 GO-Reducing Approach 221

8.3.1.1 Reduction Assisted by Sonication 222

8.3.2 Anchoring NPs on f-Graphene 223

8.3.2.1 Controlling Size of NPs 226

8.3.3 Applications of M-NPs/Graphene Nanohybrids 227

8.3.3.1 Optoelectronic Devices 227

8.3.3.2 Applications in Catalysis 229

8.3.3.3 Applications in Biology 232

8.4 Graphene Functionalized with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 233

8.4.1 Lithium Batteries 233

8.4.2 Optical Properties 236

8.4.2.1 Water Splitting 237

8.4.2.2 f-Graphene-POM 238

8.4.3 Photocatalytic Reduction of GO 238

8.5 Graphene Functionalized with Magnetic NPs 242

8.5.1 Magnetic Properties 243

8.5.2 Applications of GO-Mag NPs 246

8.5.2.1 Magnetic Separation of Metals and Pollutants with GO-Mag NPs 247

8.5.2.2 Biomedical Applications of GO-Mag NPs 248

8.6 Conclusions 252

References 252

9 Functionalization of Craphene by other Carbon Nanostmctures / Vasilios Georgakilas Georgakilas, Vasilios 255

9.1 Introduction 255

9.2 Graphene-C₆₀ Nanocomposites 255

9.2.1 Covalent Bonding of C₆₀ on GO 256

9.2.2 Deposition of C₆₀ on Graphene 256

9.3 Graphene-CNT Hybrid Nanostmctures 262

9.3.1 Graphene-CNT Composites by Simple Mixing 264

9.3.2 Graphene-CNTs Hybrid Nanostmctures by Direct Development of CNTs on Graphene Surface 272

9.4 Graphene-Carbon Nanospheres 274

9.5 Graphene-Carbon Nitride Dots Hybrid Nanocomposite 277

9.6 Conclusions 279

References 280

10 Doping of Graphene by Nitrogen, Boron, and Other Elements / Achutharao Govindaraj Govindaraj, Achutharao, C.N.R. Rao Rao, C.N.R. 283

10.1 Introduction 283

10.2 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 284

10.2.1 DC Arcing 284

10.2.2 Heating with Ammonia, Hydrazine, and Other Reagents 287

10.2.3 Chemical Functionalization Route 288

10.2.4 Solvothermal Synthesis 289

10.2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Pyrolysis 293

10.2.6 Pyrolysis Methods 300

10.2.7 Other Methods 306

10.3 Boron Doping 320

10.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 321

10.3.2 Thermal Annealing 321

10.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 323

10.3.4 Other Methods 326

10.4 BN Doping in Graphene 329

10.5 Doping with Other Elements 334

10.6 Properties and Applications 339

References 352

11 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene-Based Hybrid Materials / Antanios Kouloumpis Kouloumpis, Antanios, Panagiota Zygouri Zygouri, Panagiota, Konstantinos Dimes Dimes, Konstantinos, Dimitrios Gournis Gournis, Dimitrios 359

11.1 Introduction 359

11.2 LbL Graphene-Based Hybrid Films 360

11.2.1 Hybrid Thin Films for Electronics 360

11.2.2 Hybrid Thin Films as Sensors 375

11.2.3 Hybrid Films for Other Applications 383

11.3 Graphene-Based Hybrids through the Langmuir-Blodgett Approach 385

11.3.1 Monolayers of Graphene Oxide 385

11.3.2 Nanocomposite Films 389

11.3.3 Applications and Properties of LB Thin Films 390

11.4 Conclusions 397

References 397.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed April 12, 2014).

Local Notes:

Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. : ebrary, 2015. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ebrary affiliated libraries.

Other Format:

Print version: Functionalization of graphene.

OCLC:

878147455

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Restricted for use by site license.