Smart grid : communication-enabled intelligence for the electric power grid / Stephen F. Bush.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bush, Stephen F., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Smart power grids.

Genre:

Electronic books.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (572 pages) : illustrations (some color), maps

Place of Publication:

Chichester, England : Wiley, 2014.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

This book bridges the divide between the fields of power systems engineering and computer communication through the new field of power system information theory. Written by an expert with vast experience in the field, this book explores the smart grid from generation to consumption, both as it is planned today and how it will evolve tomorrow. The book focuses upon what differentiates the smart grid from the "traditional" power grid as it has been known for the last century. Furthermore, the author provides the reader with a fundamental understanding of both power systems and communication networking. It shows the complexity and operational requirements of the evolving power grid, the so-called "smart grid," to the communication networking engineer; and similarly, it shows the complexity and operational requirements for communications to the power systems engineer. The book is divided into three parts. Part One discusses the basic operation of the electric power grid, covering fundamental knowledge that is assumed in Parts Two and Three. Part Two introduces communications and networking, which are critical enablers for the smart grid. It also considers how communication and networking will evolve as technology develops. This lays the foundation for Part Three, which utilizes communication within the power grid. Part Three draws heavily upon both the embedded intelligence within the power grid and current research, anticipating how and where computational intelligence will be implemented within the smart grid. Each part is divided into chapters and each chapter has a set of questions useful for exercising the readers' understanding of the material in that chapter. Key Features: Bridges the gap between power systems engineering and computer communications, Addresses the smart grid from generation to consumption, both as it is planned today and how it will likely evolve tomorrow, Explores the smart grid from the perspective of traditional power systems as well as from communications, Discusses power systems, communications, and machine learning that all define the smart grid, Introduces the new field of power system information theory, Includes a companion website containing solutions to end of chapter exercise Smart Grid will be an invaluable reference for power systems engineers, communication networking engineers, electrical engineers, computer scientists, professionals, graduate students and advanced undergraduate students. Book jacket.

Contents:

Part 1 Electric Power Systems: The Main Component

1 Introduction to Power Systems Before Smart Grid 3

1.1 Overview 3

1.2 Yesterday's Grid 8

1.2.1 Early Communication Networking in the Power Grid 10

1.2.2 An Analogy between the Power Grid and Communication Network 17

1.3 Fundamentals of Electric Power 20

1.3.1 Charge, Voltage, and Ground 21

1.3.2 Conductivity 22

1.3.3 Ohm's Law 23

1.3.4 Circuits 24

1.3.5 Electric and Magnetic Fields 26

1.3.6 Electromagnetic Induction 28

1.3.7 Circuit Basics 30

1.3.8 Magnetic Circuits 31

1.4 Case Studies: Postmortem Analysis of Blackouts 34

1.4.1 Blackouts Have Something to Teach Us 34

1.4.2 A Brief Case Study 37

1.5 Drivers Toward the Smart Grid 42

1.6 Goals of the Smart Grid 43

1.6.1 Provide Power Quality for the Range of Needs in a Digital Economy 44

1.6.2 Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options 44

1.6.3 Enable New Products, Services, and Markets 44

1.6.4 Enable Active Participation by Consumers 44

1.6.5 Operate Resiliency against Physical and Cyberattack and Natural Disasters 45

1.6.6 Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances in a Self-healing Manner 45

1.6.7 Optimize Asset Utilization and Operating Efficiency 45

1.7 A Few Words on Standards 46

1.8 From Energy and Information to Smart Grid and Communications 47

1.9 Summary 48

1.10 Exercises 50

2 Generation 55

2.1 Introduction to Generation 55

2.2 Centralized Generation 57

2.2.1 Alternating Current 57

2.2.2 Complex and Reactive Power 63

2.2.3 Power Quality 66

2.2.4 Generation 67

2.3 Management and Control: Introducing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems 73

2.3.1 Efficiency and the Environment 79

2.4 Energy Storage 81

2.5 Summary 85

2.6 Exercises 86

3 Transmission 89

3.1 Introduction 89

3.2 Basic Power Grid Components 93

3.2.1 Control Centers 93

3.2.2 Transformers 94

3.2.3 Capacitor Banks 96

3.2.4 Relays and Reclosers 96

3.2.5 Substations 96

3.2.6 Inverters 97

3.3 Classical Power Grid Analytical Techniques 98

3.3.1 Frequency Analysis 99

3.3.2 Per-Unit System 100

3.3.3 Phasors 100

3.3.4 Power Flow Analysis 102

3.3.5 Fault Analysis 108

3.3.6 State Estimation 109

3.3.7 Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System 110

3.4 Transmission Challenges 110

3.4.1 Integrated Volt-VAr Control 111

3.4.2 Geomagnetically Induced Currents 113

3.4.3 Quality Issues 115

3.4.4 Large-scale Synchronization 116

3.4.5 The Power Transmission Market 118

3.5 Wireless Power Transmission 118

3.6 Summary 118

3.7 Exercises 119

4 Distribution 121

4.1 Introduction 121

4.1.1 Transformers in the Distribution System 126

4.1.2 Feeders 129

4.1.3 Power Lines 129

4.1.4 Distribution Topologies 133

4.1.5 Designing Distribution Systems 135

4.2 Protection Techniques 138

4.2.1 Fuses, Breakers, Relays, and Reclosers 138

4.2.2 Distance Relays 141

4.2.3 Pilot Protection 142

4.2.4 Protection and Stability 143

4.2.5 Special Protection Schemes and Remedial Action Schemes 143

4.2.6 Oscillographs 144

4.2.7 Protection Coordination 144

4.3 Conservation Voltage Reduction 145

4.4 Distribution Line Carrier 146

4.5 Summary 147

4.6 Exercises 147

5 Consumption 151

5.1 Introduction 151

5.2 Loads 152

5.2.1 The Power Market 159

5.2.2 Implications for Restructuring 162

5.2.3 Frequency 164

5.2.4 System Operation and Management 166

5.2.5 Automation: Motivation for the "Smart Grid" 167

5.2.6 Human Factors 168

5.3 Variability in Consumption 168

5.4 The Consumer Perspective 169

5.5 Visibility 171

5.5.1 Microgrids 172

5.6 Flexibility for the Consumer 176

5.6.1 Consumer Energy Management 177

5.6.2 Plug-in Electric Vehicles 178

5.7 Summary 179

5.8 Exercises 180

Part 2 Communication and Networking: The Enabler

6 What is Smart Grid Communication? 185

6.1 Introduction 185

6.1.1 Maxwell's Equations 189

6.1.2 Eigensystems and Graph Spectra 191

6.2 Energy and Information 192

6.2.1 Back to the Physics of Information 192

6.3 System View 198

6.4 Power System Information Theory 199

6.4.1 Complexity Theory 206

6.4.2 Network Coding 208

6.4.3 Information Theory and Network Science 211

6.4.4 Network Science and Pouting 212

6.4.5 Compressive Sensing 213

6.5 Communication Architecture 216

6.5.1 Smart Grid Applications and Communication 218

6.5.2 Active Network 219

6.6 Wireless Communication Introduction 224

6.6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 224

6.6.2 The Wave Equation 225

6.7 Summary 232

6.8 Exercises 233

7 Demand-Response and the Advanced Metering Infrastructure 235

7.1 Introduction 235

7.2 Demand-Response 236

7.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 239

7.4 IEEE 802.15.4, 6Lo WPAN, ROLL, and RPL 244

7.4.1 Relationship between Power Line Voltage and Communication 244

7.4.2 Introduction to IEEE 802 245

7.4.3 Introduction to IEEE 802.15 245

7.4.4 IEEE 802.15.4 246

7.4.5 Introduction to IEEE 802.15.4g Smart Utility Networks 251

7.4.6 Introduction to 6Lo WPAN 252

7.4.7 Introduction to Ripple Routing Protocol and Routing over Low-Power and Lossy Networks 253

7.5 IEEE 802.11 255

7.6 Summary 256

7.7 Exercises 257

8 Distributed Generation and Transmission 259

8.1 Introduction 259

8.2 Distributed Generation 260

8.2.1 Distributed Control 265

8.2.2 Many Small Generators Working with the Grid 268

8.2.3 Distributed Generation; Back to the Future 271

8.2.4 Photovoltaics 272

8.3 The Smart Power Transmission System 276

8.3.1 The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System 276

8.4 Wireless Power Transmission 278

8.5 Wide-Area Monitoring 281

8.6 Networked Control 294

8.7 Summary 298

8.8 Exercises 298

9 Distribution Automation 301

9.1 Introduction 301

9.1.1 Performance Metrics 304

9.2 Protection Coordination Utilizing Distribution Automation 306

9.2.1 Tune-Current Curves 306

9.3 Self-healing, Communication, and Distribution Automation 309

9.3.1 Distribution Topologies 311

9.3.2 An Example Algorithm 312

9.3.3 A Simplified Distribution System Protection Communication Model 314

9.3.4 The Communication Model 315

9.3.5 Probabilistic Interpretation of the Distribution Protection Communication System 318

9.3.6 Introducing WiMAX 325

9.5.1 WiMAX Mesh Mode 327

9.4 Summary 329

9.5 Exercises 329

10 Standards Overview 333

10.1 Introduction 333

10.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 334

10.3 International Electrotechnical Commission 335

10.4 International Council on Large Electric Systems 339

10.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 339

10.6 American National Standards Institute 343

10.7 International Telecommunication Union 347

10.8 Electric Power Research Institute 348

10.9 Oilier Standardization-Related Activities 349

10.9.1 Modbus 350

10.9.2 Power Line Carrier 350

10.9.3 Microsoft Power and Utilities Smart Energy Reference Architecture 350

10.10 Summary 353

10.11 Exercises 354

Part 3 Embedded and Distributed Intelligence for a, Smarter Grid: The Ultimate Goal

11 Machine Intelligence in the Grid 359

11.1 Introduction 359

11.2 Machine Intelligence and Communication 360

11.2.1 What is Machine Intelligence? 360

11.2.2 Relationship between Intelligence and Communication 362

11.2.3 Intelligence in Communications 362

11.2.4 Intelligence in the Power Grid 364

11.3 Computing Models for Smart Grid 364

11.3.1 Analytical Hierarchical Programming 366

11.3.2 Dynamic Programming 367

11.3.3 Stochastic Programming 369

11.3.4 Lagrangian Relaxation 371

11.3.5 Communication Complexity 371

11.4 Machine Intelligence in the Grid 373

11.4.1 Neural Networks 373

11.4.2 Expert Systems 374

11.4.3 Fuzzy Logic 375

11.4.4 Evolutionary Computation 377

11.4.5 Adaptive Dynamic Programming 379

11.4.6 Q-Learning 382

11.5 Machine-to-Machine Communication in Smart Grid 383

11.5.1 Semantic Web 384

11.5.2 Cognitive Radio 385

11.6 Summary 385

11.7 Exercises 386

12 State Estimation and Stability 389

12.1 Introduction 389

12.2 Networked Control 396

12.3 State Estimation 397

12.4 Distributed State Estimation 399

12.5 Stability 402

12.5.1 System Performance 403

12.6 Stability and High-Penetration Distributed Generation 410

12.7 Summary 411

12.8 Exercises 412

13 Synchrophasor Applications 415

13.1 Introduction 415

13.2 Synchrophasors 416

13.2.1 Phasors 416

13.2.2 Timing and Synchronization 419

13.2.3 Synchrophasor Compression 423

13.3 Phasor Measurement Unit 426

13.3.1 Phasor Data Concentrator 427

13.4 Networking Synchrophasor Information 427

13.5 Synchrophasor Applications 430

13.6 Summary 431

13.7 Exercises 432

14 Power System Electronics 435

14.1 Introduction 435

14.2 Power System Electronics 437

14.2.1 Power Electronics to Improve Power Quality 441

14.3 Power Electronic Transformer 443

14.4 Protection Devices and Current Limiters 452

14.5 Superconducting Technologies 453

14.6 Summary 460

14.7 Exercises 461

15 Future of the Smart Grid 465

15.1 Introduction 465

15.1.1 Theory of Innovation 466

15.2 Geomagnetic Storms as Generators 468

15.3 Future Microgrids 472

15.3.1 From Power Grids to Microgrids to Nanogrids: Continuing the Reduction in Scale 473

15.3.2 Nanogeneration 473

15.3.3 Real Nanogrids 476

15.4 Nanoscale Communication Networks 476

15.5 Emerging Technologies 480

15.5.1 Quantum Energy Teleportation 481

15.6 Near-Space Power Generation 482

15.7 Summary 484

15.8 Exercises 487.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Local Notes:

Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. : ebrary, 2015. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ebrary affiliated libraries.

Other Format:

Print version: Bush, Stephen F. Smart grid : communication-enabled intelligence for the electric power grid.

ISBN:

9781118820230

OCLC:

857754215

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.