Laser velocimetry in fluid mechanics / edited by Alain Boutier.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Boutier, A. (Alain)

ebrary, Inc.

Series:

Waves series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Fluid dynamic measurements.

Fluid mechanics.

Laser Doppler velocimeter.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xiv, 412 pages) : illustrations.

Place of Publication:

London : ISTE ; Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley and Sons, 2012.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Since 1997, the French-speaking Association of Laser Velocimetry has offered autumn schools on using lasers to measure the speed of fluids, and nine of the lectures have been elaborated for this volume. After reviewing measurement needs in fluid mechanics and the classification of laser velocimetry techniques, they describe laser Doppler, optical barrier, Doppler global, and particle image laser velocity. Other topics are seeding in laser velocimetry, post-processing of data, and a comparison of different techniques. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Contents:

Chapter 1 Measurement Needs in Fluid Mechanics / Daniel Arnal Arnal, Daniel, Pierre Millan Millan, Pierre 1

1.1 Navier-Stokes equations 2

1.2 Similarity parameters 4

1.3 Scale notion 6

1.4 Equations for turbulent flows and for Reynolds stress tensor 6

1.5 Spatial-temporal correlations 8

1.6 Turbulence models 10

1.6.1 Zero equation model 11

1.6.2 One equation model 11

1.6.3 Two equations model 12

1.6.4 Reynolds stress models (RSM, ARSM) 12

1.7 Conclusion 13

1.8 Bibliography 13

Chapter 2 Classification of Laser Velocimetry Techniques / Alain Boutier Boutier, Alain 15

2.1 Generalities 16

2.2 Definitions and vocabulary 17

2.3 Specificities of LDV 19

2.3.1 Advantages 19

2.3.2 Use limitations 20

2.4 Application domain of laser velocimeters (LDV, PIV, DGV) 21

2.5 Velocity measurements based on interactions with molecules 22

2.5.1 Excitation by electron beams 22

2.5.2 Laser fluorescence 23

2.5.3 Spectroscopy with a tunable laser diode in the infrared 23

2.5.4 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering technique 24

2.5.5 Tagging techniques 24

2.5.6 Summary 25

2.6 Bibliography 28

Chapter 3 Laser Doppler Velocimetry / Alain Bouteer Bouteer, Alain, Jean-Michel Most Most, Jean-Michel 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Basic idea: Doppler effect 34

3.2.1 Double Doppler effect 34

3.2.2 Four optical set-ups 36

3.2.3 Comments on the four configurations 39

3.3 Fringe velocimetry theory 40

3.3.1 Fringe pattern in probe volume 40

3.3.2 Interferometry theory 42

3.3.3 Comparison between the three theoretical approaches 44

3.3.4 SNR 44

3.4 Velocity sign measurement 48

3.4.1 Problem origin 48

3.4.2 Solution explanation 49

3.4.3 Various means to shift a laser beam frequency 51

3.5 Emitting and receiving optics 56

3.5.1 Emitting 56

3.5.2 Probe volume characteristics 61

3.5.3 Receiving part 64

3.6 General organigram of a mono-dimensional fringe velocimeter 67

3.7 Necessity for simultaneous measurement of 2 or 3 velocity components 68

3.8 2D laser velocimetry 70

3.9 3D laser velocimetry 71

3.9.1 Exotic 3D laser velocimeters 71

3.9.2 3D fringe laser velocimetry 72

3.9.3 Five-beam 3D laser velocimeters 73

3.9.4 Six-beam 3D laser velocimeters 74

3.10 Electronic processing of Doppler signal 79

3.10.1 Generalities and main classes of Doppler processors 79

3.10.2 Photon converter: photomultiplier 79

3.10.3 Doppler burst detection 84

3.10.4 First processing units 86

3.10.5 Digital processing units 88

3.10.6 Exotic techniques 102

3.10.7 Optimization of signal processing 103

3.11 Measurement accuracy in laser velocimetry 103

3.11.1 Probe volume influence 104

3.11.2 Calibration 105

3.11.3 Doppler signal quality 112

3.11.4 Velocity domain for measurements 114

3.11.5 Synthesis of various bias and error sources 117

3.11.6 Specific problems in 2D and 3D devices 123

3.11.7 Global accuracy 126

3.12 Specific laser velocimeters for specific applications 127

3.12.1 Optical fibers in fringe laser velocimetry 127

3.12.2 Miniature laser velocimeters 132

3.12.3 Doppler image of velocity field 133

3.13 Bibliography 134

Chapter 4 Optical Barrier Velocimetry / Alain Boutier Boutier, Alain 139

4.1 Laser two-focus velocimeter 139

4.2 Mosaic laser velocimeter 145

4.3 Bibliography 147

Chapter 5 Doppler Global Velocimetry / Alain Boutier Boutier, Alain 149

5.1 Overview of Doppler global velocimetry 149

5.2 Basic principles of DGV 150

5.3 Measurement uncertainties in DGV 153

5.4 Bibliography 156

Chapter 6 Particle Image Velocimetry / Michel Riethmuller Riethmuller, Michel, Laurent David David, Laurent, Bertrand Lecordier Lecordier, Bertrand 159

6.1 Introduction 159

6.2 Two-component PTV 164

6.2.1 Laser light source 164

6.2.2 Emission optics in PIV 168

6.2.3 Image recording 169

6.2.4 PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) 185

6.2.5 Measurement of velocity using PIV 192

6.2.6 Correlation techniques 201

6.3 Three-component PIV 233

6.3.1 Introduction 233

6.3.2 Acquisition of the signal from the particles 234

6.3.3 Evaluation of the particles' motion 236

6.3.4 Modeling of sensor 237

6.3.5 Stereoscopy: 2D-3C PIV 252

6.3.6 2.5D-3C surface PIV 259

6.3.7 3C-3D volumic PIV 261

6.3.8 Conclusion 268

6.4 Bibliography 269

Chapter 7 Seeding in Laser Velocimetry / Alain Boutffir Boutffir, Alain, Max Elena Elena, Max 283

7.1 Optical properties of tracers 284

7.2 Particle generators 288

7.3 Particle control 292

7.4 Particle behavior 297

7.5 Bibliography 303

Chapter 8 Post-Processing of LDV Data / Jacques Haertig Haertig, Jacques, Alain Boutier Boutier, Alain 305

8.1 The average values 306

8.2 Statistical notions 308

8.3 Estimation of autocorrelations and spectra 314

8.3.1 Continuous signals of limited duration 314

8.3.2 Signals sampled periodically (of limited duration T) 316

8.3.3 Random sampling 318

8.4 Temporal filtering: principle and application to white noise 321

8.4.1 Case of white noise 321

8.4.2 Moving average (MA) 323

8.4.3 Autoregressive (AR) process: Markov 324

8.5 Numerical calculations of FT 326

8.6 Summary and essential results 329

8.7 Detailed calculation of the FT and of the spectrum of fluctuations in velocity measured by laser velocimetry 330

8.7.1 Notations and overview of results regarding the FT 331

8.7.2 Calculating the FT of a sampled function F(t): periodic sampling 333

8.7.3 Calculating the FT of a sampled function F(t): random sampling 335

8.7.4 FT of the sampled signal reconstructed after periodic sampling 339

8.7.5 FT of the sampled signal, reconstructed after random sampling 341

8.7.6 Spectrum of a random signal sampled in a random manner 345

8.7.7 Application to some signals 352

8.7.8 Main conclusions 356

8.8 Statistical bias 358

8.8.1 Simple example of statistical bias 358

8.8.2 Measurement sampling process 360

8.8.3 The various bias phenomena in laser velocimetry 368

8.8.4 Analysis of the bias correction put forward by McLaughlin and Tiederman 369

8.8.5 Method for detecting statistical bias 369

8.8.6 Signal reconstruction methods 372

8.8.7 Interpolation methods applied to the reconstructed signal 374

8.9 Spectral analysis on resampled signals 375

8.9.1 Direct transform 376

8.9.2 Slotting technique 377

8.9.3 Kalman interpolating filter 379

8.10 Bibliography 384

Chapter 9 Comparison of Different Techniques / Alain Boutier Boutier, Alain 389

9.1 Introduction 389

9.2 Comparison of signal intensities between DGV, PIV and LDV 390

9.3 Comparison of PIV and DGV capabilities 394

9.4 Conclusion 396

9.5 Bibliography 397.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. : ebrary, 2015. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ebrary affiliated libraries.

OCLC:

826685680

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.