Basic x-ray scattering for soft matter / Wim H. de Jeu, DWI-Leibrniz Institute for Interactive Materials, AAchen, Germany.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Jeu, W. H. de (Wilhelmus Hendrikus), 1943- author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

X-rays--Scattering.

X-rays.

Physical Description:

x, 135 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2016.

Summary:

Basic X-Ray Scattering for Soft Matter explains basic principles and applications of x-ray scattering in a simple way using many practical examples followed by more elaborate case studies. It has been written for the large community of students and scientists in the field of soft matter (polymers, liquid crystals, colloids, self-assembled organic systems), and will appeal to those who have a more chemical-oriented background with comparatively limited mathematics training. The book contains a separate chapter on the different types of order/disorder in soft matter that play such an important role in modern self-assembling systems. The last chapter treats soft matter surfaces and thin films that are increasingly used in coatings and in many technological applications, such as liquid crystal displays and nanostructured block copolymer films. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Introduction and Overview 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Generation of x-rays 3

1.3 Scattering by a single electron 7

1.4 Scattering of a plane wave 8

1.5 Absorption of x-rays 9

1.6 Reflection and refraction of x-rays 11

1.7 Coherent properties of x-rays 13

1.8 X-ray, neutron, and light scattering 15

2 Basic Scattering by Particles 18

2.1 Scattering by complex systems 18

2.1.1 Atoms, molecules, and crystal lattices 18

2.1.2 Scattering geometry and Ewald sphere 20

2.1.3 Scattering and Fourier transformation 21

2.2 Diffraction of model scattering distributions 23

2.2.1 Diffraction of a 'top-hat' distribution 23

2.2.2 Diffraction from spherical objects 25

2.3 Atoms and molecules-Solutions 26

2.3.1 Particles at low resolution-Form factor 27

2.3.2 Guinier regime 29

2.3.3 Porod regime 30

2.4 Case study: Modelling SAXS of non-interacting particles 32

2.5 Extension to simple liquids-Structure factor 35

3 Order/Disorder in Soft Matter 39

3.1 Short-range order 39

3.2 Long-range order 41

3.3 Orientational and positional order in liquid crystals 42

3.3.1 The nematic phase 42

3.3.2 The smectic-A phase 43

3.4 Order and dimensionality 47

3.4.1 Fluctuations at low dimensions 47

3.4.2 Two-stage melting in two dimensions 49

3.5 Case study: Order in smectic membranes 51

4 Diffraction Physics: Scattering by Crystals 54

4.1 Elements of crystallography 54

4.1.1 Different types of lattice 54

4.1.2 Lattice planes and Miller indices 56

4.2 Diffraction by a crystal lattice 59

4.2.1 Bragg law 59

4.2.2 Introducing reciprocal space 60

4.2.3 Lattice sum and scattering conditions 63

4.3 Miscellaneous properties of crystal scattering 66

4.3.1 Debye-Waller factor 66

4.3.2 Mosaic spread 67

4.3.3 Line width and average domain size 68

4.3.4 Polycrystalline diffraction 69

4.4 Case study: Polymer crystallization 71

4.4.1 Example 1: Polyethylene (PE) 72

4.4.2 Example 2: Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) 73

4.4.3 Degree of crystallization 74

4.4.4 The onset of crystallization 75

5 Applications to Soft Matter 77

5.1 Instrumentation, SAXS, and WAXS 77

5.2 Examples 79

5.2.1 Liquid crystal phases 79

5.2.2 Colloids 83

5.2.3 Amphophilic compounds 85

5.2.4 Biomembranes 89

5.2.5 Block copolymers 92

5.3 Case study: Bridging length scales-Order and frustration 96

5.3.1 Confined crystallization in block copolymers 97

5.3.2 Liquid crystalline block copolymers 98

5.3.3 Liquid crystalline dendrimers 100

6 Soft Matter Films and Surfaces 103

6.1 Reflectivity at a single interface 103

6.1.1 Fresnel theory 103

6.1.2 Practical aspects: Scanning, footprint, and roughness 106

6.1.3 Examples of soft interfaces 108

6.2 Multiple interfaces: Soft matter films 110

6.2.1 Uniform films 110

6.2.2 Multilayers: Recursive formalism 112

6.2.3 Example 1: Monolayers of fluorinated alkanes 114

6.2.4 Example 2: Lamellar diblock copolymer films 116

6.3 Grazing incidence diffraction 119

6.3.1 Surface freezing of alkyl monolayers 120

6.3.2 Controlled orientations in a smectic block copolymer film 122

6.4 Case study: Monolayer structure of substituted thiophenes 123.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [129]-131) and index.

ISBN:

9780198728672

0198728662

9780198728665

0198728670

OCLC:

953972361

Publisher Number:

99969702047