Phonological typology / Matthew K. Gordon.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Gordon, Matthew Kelly, author.

Series:

Oxford surveys in phonology and phonetics

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Grammar, Comparative and general--Phonology.

Grammar, Comparative and general.

Physical Description:

ix, 363 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2016.

Summary:

This book provides an overview of phonological typology: the study of how sounds are distributed across the languages of the world and why they display these distributions and patterns. It examines major phonological phenomena such as phoneme inventories, syllable structure, phonological alternations, stress, tone, intonation, and prosodic morphology, and investigates issues including how common certain types of sounds are cross-linguistically and why; how many languages differentiate questions and statements using intonation; which areas of the world tend to be associated with more complex tone distinctions; and the relationship between cross-linguistic and language-internal frequency. Data are drawn from existing typologies, from the results of a survey of various phonological patterns in the 100-language sample from The World Atlas of Language Structures, and from corpora of individual languages. Matthew Gordon analyses these data and explores the correlations between different-often superficially unrelated-phonological properties to gain insight into the driving forces behind these phenomena. He provides an overview of synchronic and diachronic explanations for the patterns observed and discusses how formal phonological theory has attempted to model the typological data. One of relatively few typological works devoted to phonology, this book will be a valuable resource for phonologists and phoneticians from advanced undergraduate level upwards, as well all those with an interest in language typology. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Phonological typology exemplified: the case of sonority 1

1.2 Frequency in phonology: phonology in typology 4

1.3 The present book 5

1.3.1 Cross-linguistic frequency 8

1.3.2 Language-internal frequency 9

1.3.3 Organization of the book 16

2 Theory and explanation in phonological typology 17

2.1 Types of explanations 17

2.1.1 Phonetic factors 17

2.1.2 Speech processing and phonological typology 18

2.1.3 Frequency in phonology 19

2.1.4 Analytic biases 21

2.2 Typology in phonology: incorporating explanation into the theory 22

2.2.1 The relationship between analytic bias and other functional biases in typology: the case of laryngeal neutralization 22

2.2.2 Typological over- and under-prediction in phonetically driven phonology 25

2.2.3 Typology as a reflex of diachronic change 27

2.2.4 Typology and learning biases: experimental approaches 29

2.2.5 Typological variation modeled: constraints or rules 32

2.2.5.1 Steriade (1999) on laryngeal neutralization in Optimality Theory 32

2.2.5.2 Factorial typology in phonology: the case of syllable-contacts 34

2.2.5.3 Modeling frequency in a constraint-based grammar 37

2.2.5.4 Modeling phonological acquisition 39

2.3 Summary 41

3 Phoneme inventories 43

3.1 Cross-linguistic distribution of phonemes 44

3.2 Consonants 44

3.2.1 Plosives 45

3.2.2 Fricatives 46

3.2.3 Nasals 48

3.2.4 Liquids 49

3.2.5 Non-liquid approximants (glides) 49

3.3 Vowels 49

3.4 Phonemic length 51

3.5 Explaining the typology of phoneme inventories 57

3.5.1 Perceptual and articulatory factors 58

3.5.1.1 (Adaptive) Dispersion Theory 58

3.5.1.2 Dispersion Focalization Theory 60

3.5.1.3 Articulatory complexity and perceptual saturation 62

3.5.1.4 Quanta! Theory 63

3.5.1.5 Feature enhancement 64

3.5.1.6 Feature economy 65

3.6 Frequency of sounds within languages 71

3.6.1 Explaining the frequency distributions within languages 77

3.7 Phoneme inventories: a summary 82

4 Syllables 83

4.1 Internal structure of the syllable 83

4.2 Syllable margins 84

4.2.1 Intralanguage frequency of syllable types 87

4.2.2 Relationship between onset and coda markedness 90

4.2.3 Final vs. non-final coda asymmetries 96

4.2.4 Sonority and place in syllabification 97

4.2.5 Syllable repair processes 104

4.2.6 Pseudo-syllable repair processes 106

4.3 Nucleus 108

4.3.1 Syllabic sounds 108

4.4 Representations of the syllable 111

4.4.1 The syllable rime as a constituent 111

4.4.1.1 Prohibitions against CVVC syllables 111

4.4.1.2 Co-occurrence restrictions and the rime 114

4.4.2 Sonority sequencing violations: the syllable appendix and perceptual salience 116

4.4.3 Syllable typology and perception 117

4.5 Correlations between syllable complexity and other properties 119

4.6 Summary 121

5 Segmental processes 123

5.1 Assimilation 123

5.1.1 Consonant-consonant assimilation 124

5.1.2 Consonant-vowel assimilation 126

5.1.3 Typological frequency of assimilation patterns 127

5.1.4 Implicational scales of assimilation: the phonetic grounding 129

5.1.5 The phonetic basis for assimilation: synchronic or diachronic 133

5.1.6 Long-distance assimilation: harmony systems 134

5.1.6.1 Vowel harmony 134

5.1.6.2 Consonant harmony 137

5.1.6.3 Directionality and morphology in harmony 138

5.1.6.4 The phonetic basis for harmony 139

5.1.6.5 Harmony as a local vs. long-distance phenomenon 139

5.2 Dissimilation 141

5.2.1 Local dissimilation 142

5.2.2 Long-distance dissimilation 143

5.2.2.1 Long-distance consonant dissimilation 143

5.2.2.2 Long-distance vowel dissimilation 145

5.2.3 Explaining dissimilation 146

5.3 The formal representation of assimilation and dissimilation 149

5.4 Fortition and lenition 151

5.4.1 Consonants 153

5.4.2 Vowels 155

5.5 Deletion 157

5.5.1 Deletion and compensatory lengthening 158

5.5.2 The representation of compensatory lengthening 159

5.5.3 Lenition and deletion as frequency effects 160

5.6 Epenthesis 161

5.6.1 Epenthesis as syllable repair 162

5.6.2 Other prosodic functions of epenthesis 162

5.6.3 Morphological constraints on epenthesis 164

5.6.4 Segmental constraints on epenthesis 164

5.6.5 The quality of epenthetic segments 165

5.6.6 The interaction between epenthesis and other phonological phenomena 167

5.7 Metathesis 168

5.7.1 The phonetic source of metathesis 170

5.7.2 Metathesis as perceptual optimization 172

5.8 Summary 173

6 Stress 175

6.1 The descriptive typology of stress 175

6.2 Phonologically predictable stress 176

6.2.1 Weight-insensitive stress 177

6.2.2 Weight-sensitive stress 181

6.2.2.1 Syllable weight as a statistical bias 187

6.2.2.2 Representations of syllable weight 187

6.2.2.3 Phonetic underpinnings of syllable weight 190

6.2.2.4 Final vs. non-final weight asymmetries 194

6.3 Stress domains: the intonational basis for left-edge vs. right-edge asymmetries 197

6.4 The phonetic basis for extrametricality 199

6.5 Representations of stress 201

6.5.1 Stress and metrical feet 201

6.5.2 Stress and the metrical grid 202

6.5.3 Factorial typology and metrical structure 204

6.5.4 Typological asymmetries as a reflex of foot structure 205

6.6 Tone-sensitive stress 208

6.7 Lexical and morphological stress 209

6.8 Summary 213

7 Tone and intonation 215

7.1 Tone and the taxonomy of prosodic systems 215

7.2 The organization of tone languages 216

7.3 The relationship between tone and stress 216

7.4 Number of tones 219

7.5 Tonal complexity 223

7.5.1 Tonal complexity and language-internal frequency 224

7.5.2 Syllable weight and tonal complexity 227

7.5.3 The phonetic basis of tone restrictions 229

7.5.4 Weight-sensitive tone and language-internal frequency 232

7.6 Phonological characteristics of tone 233

7.7 Tonal processes 235

7.8 Tonogenesis and interactions between tone and other features 241

7.9 Intonation 243

7.10 Terminal contours 244

7.11 The typology of pitch accents 248

7.12 Prosodic constituency 250

7.13 Prosodic structure and syntax 254

7.14 When tones collide: responses to tonal crowding 255

7.14.1 Tonal crowding in the intonation system 256

7.14.2 Tonal crowding between intonational and lexical tones 257

7.14.3 Tonal crowding in intonation systems: a summary 259

7.15 Summary 260

8 Prosodic morphology 262

8.1 Minimality effects 262

8.1.1 The typological distribution of minimality constraints 263

8.1.2 Processes in response to minimality conditions 264

8.1.3 The source of minimality restrictions: independent constraints and evolution 266

8.1.4 Minimality as a condition on mora population 267

8.2 Reduplication 269

8.2.1 Phonological characteristics of reduplication 270

8.2.1.1 Shape of the reduplicant 270

8.2.1.2 Fixed segmentism and reduplicant-base alternations: markedness in reduplication 277

8.2.1.3 Location of the reduplicant 281

8.2.2 Overapplication and underapplication in reduplication 282

8.2.3 Cross-linguistic distribution of reduplication patterns 283

8.2.3.1 Overall frequency of reduplication 285

8.2.3.2 Position of the reduplicant 286

8.2.3.3 Shape of the reduplicant 287

8.2.3.4 Fixed segment(s) 290

8.2.3.5 Relationship between reduplication and other prosodic properties 291

8.3 Non-reduplicative templatic morphology 296

8.4 Prosodic truncations 298

8.5 Subtractive morphology 299

8.6 Relationship between non-reduplicative templatic morphology and other weight-sensitive phenomena 300

8.7 Summary 301.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 305-353) and index.

ISBN:

0199669007

9780199669004

9780199669011

0199669015

OCLC:

919186916