Fighting at the legal boundaries : controlling the use of force in contemporary conflict / Kenneth Watkin.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Watkin, Kenneth, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aggression (International law).

War (International law).

Self-defense (International law).

Combatants and noncombatants (International law).

Non-state actors (International relations).

Preemptive attack (Military science).

Physical Description:

xxii, 704 pages ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2016]

Contents:

Part 1 Introduction

1 An Outline of the Challenges 3

1.1 The Security Challenge 3

1.2 The Legal Challenge 10

1.3 The Operational Challenge: The Emerging "Law of 9/11" 20

1.4 The Outline 24

Part 2 The Interaction Between Normative Frameworks

2 Controlling State Involvement in Conflict 33

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 A Focus on the State 34

2.3 The Destructive Power of the State 37

2.3.1 Reintroduction of Just War Theory 37

2.3.2 Inter-State Conflict: Limiting the Recourse to War 40

2.4 Noninternational Aimed Conflict 43

2.4.1 Domestic Authority, International Law, and Non-State Actors 43

2.4.2 Internal Conflicts with an "International Character" 44

2.4.3 Conflict Evolution 46

2.4.4 Cross-Border Attacks by Non-State Actors 48

2.4.5 An Interpretive Struggle 52

3 Applying the Self Defense Principles During Armed Conflict 55

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 The Continuing Application of Self-Defense Principles 56

3.3 An "Overarching" Application 58

3.4 A More "Limited" Theory 63

3.5 Additional Restraining Mechanisms 70

3.6 The Self-Defense Principles: A Strategic or Tactical Issue? 72

3.6.1 Self-Defense and the Levels of War 72

3.6.2 Targeting: A Matter of Strategy and Tactics 78

3.6.3 Applying Self-Defense Principles Across the Armed Conflict Spectrum 83

3.7 Less Certain Boundaries 88

4 States, "Proper Authority," and Conflict 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Humanitarian Law and "Proper Authority" 92

4.3 Impact of the Proper Authority Principle 97

4.4 The State and Governance 99

4.4.1 Public, Private, and Mixed War 99

4.4.2 Governance 101

4.4.3 A Reluctant Application of Humanitarian Law 104

4.4.4 A Policy Solution lot Legal Uncertainty 109

4.4.5 Small Wars and "Ungoverned Spaces" 112

4.5 The State, Governance, and the Intersection of Laws 119

5 The Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law Interface 121

5.1 Introduction 121

5.2 Exclusionary Arguments and Operational Reality 122

5.2.1 The "Special Law" Debate 122

5.2.2 The Missing Discussion: Similarities and Overlap 131

5.3 A More Intimate History 134

5.3.1 Prior to the Mid-Twentieth Century 134

5.3.2 In the Aftermath of World War II 139

5.3.2.1 Neglect 139

5.3.2.2 Forced Integration 141

5.3.2.3 Divergence and Growing Reconciliation 143

5.4 Overlap and Convergence 152

Part 3 The Threat, the State Response, and Legal Uncertainty

6 Contemporary Threats: Insurgency and Terrorism 159

6.1 Introduction 159

6.2 Insurgency 160

6.2.1 Criteria for an Insurgency 160

6.2.2 Insurgent Organization 162

6.2.3 Purpose of the Conflict 166

6.3 Insurgency and Crime 168

6.3.1 The Nature of the Threat 168

6.3.2 Challenging the State 173

6.3.3 Other Criminal Activity 179

6.4 Terrorism and Terrorists 180

6.4.1 Terrorism 180

6.4.2 The "Terrorists" 190

6.4.3 Terrorism and Insurgency: Al Qaeda and an Islamic State 197

6.5 Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism: An Integrated Response 208

7 Counterinsurgency and Converging Norms 215

7.1 Introduction 215

7.2 Counterinsurgency in the Twenty-First Century 216

7.3 The Primacy of Law Enforcement 223

7.4 Control and Operational Choices 228

7.4.1 The Nature of Control 228

7.4.2 The "Targeted Killing" Case and Control 231

7.5 The IED and Suicide Bombing Threat: Arrest or Kill? 237

7.6 Military Advantage and Counterinsurgency 244

7.6.1 Insurgents and Target "Value" 244

7.6.2 Strategic Advantage, Proportionality, and Counterinsurgency 254

7.6.2.1 Strategic Military Advantage and Civilian Casualties 254

7.6.2.2 Proportionality and Counterinsurgency 258

7.7 Overlapping Normative Frameworks 261

8 Counterterrorism and the "Away Game" 267

8.1 Introduction 267

8.2 A Lack of Consensus 269

8.3 Countertenor ism and "Direct Action" 271

8.4 New Technology/New Terminology: Placing Drones in Context 277

8.4.1 A Unique Weapon? 277

8.4.2 Drones: Special Terms and High-Profile Attacks 278

8.4.3 The "Ordinariness" of Drones 280

8.4.4 Controlling Drone Use 285

8.5 Legal Frameworks for Responding to Transnational Terrorism 287

8.5.1 Tire Restricted "Law Enforcement" Theory 287

8.5.2 The Permissive "Conduct of Hostilities" Approach 300

8.5.3 The "Self-Defense" Option 311

8.6 Seeking a Solution 318

8.7 An Emerging Broader "Unwilling or Unable" Justification 322

9 Non-State Actors and Armed Conflict 327

9.1 Introduction 327

9.2 Inter-State Conflict 330

9.3 Categorizing Conflict with Non-State Actors 335

9.3.1 Non-State Actors Controlled by a State 335

9.3.2 Harboring and Active Support 337

9.3.3 Entering the Territory of Another State: International Armed Conflict 339

9.3.4 The Israeli Supreme Court and Cross-Border Terrorism 341

9.3.4.1 Targeted Killing, Occupation, and "Conflicts of an International Character" 341

9.3.4.2 A Unique Security Threat 343

9.3.4.3 A Contrast: The American Approach 345

9.3.4.4 The Practical Impact 347

9.3.4.5 Unlawful Combatants 348

9.3.5 Extraterritorial Law Enforcement 349

9.3.6 Transnational Armed Conflict 352

9.3.7 Noninternational Armed Conflict and the Proper Authority 356

9.3.7.1 Not of an International Character: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 356

9.3.7.2 A Concentration of Power and Responsibility 358

9.3.7.3 Borders or Barriers? 359

9.3.7.4 Acting in Place of the Territorial State 361

9.4 Determining the Existence of a Noninternational Armed Conflict 363

9.4.1 Conflict Criteria and the Intensity of the Violence 363

9.4.2 Group Organization 370

9.4.2.1 Varied Organizational Types 370

9.4.2.2 The Kosovo Liberation Army 372

9.4.3 The "Totality of the Circumstances" and Other Criteria 375

9.5 Addressing the Challenge 378

Part 4 Applying Force Across the Conflict Spectrum

10 Self-Defense and the Protection of Nationals 383

10.1 Introduction 383

10.2 Self-Defense and the Extraterritorial Protection of Nationals 385

10.2.1 A State Responsibility 385

10.2.2 Taking Action Across the Conflict Spectrum 395

10.3 Protecting Nationals and Hostage Rescue 399

10.3.1 Rescues During Armed Conflict 399

10.3.2 "Iconic" Counterterrorism: A Thunderbolt Strikes Entebbe 405

10.3.3 Modern Counterterrorism: Sierra Leone 412

10.3.4 Short-Term Conflicts 415

10.3.5 Rescues and Law Enforcement 421

10.3.5.1 State-Conducted Hostage Rescue: Columbia 421

10.3.5.2 Hostage Rescue and Foreign Involvement 423

10.3.5.3 States Acting Unilaterally to Rescue Their Own Nationals: Somalia 426

10.3.5.4 Law Enforcement and the Protection of Nationals 431

10.4 Converging Tactics: Special Forces, Law Enforcement, and Hostilities 433

11 Law Enforcement and "Self-Defense" 443

11.1 Introduction 443

11.2 Distinguishing Law Enforcement 445

11.2.1 The Terminology Challenge 445

11.2.2 Self-Defense: Common Roots and Different Goals 447

11.2.3 Law Enforcement and Its Unique Role 449

11.2.4 Imminence and the Nature of the Threat 454

11.2.5 Mission Accomplishment 458

11.3 Doctrinal Confusion: State Self-Defense and Law Enforcement 464

11.3.1 Rules of Engagement Doctrine 464

11.3.2 United Nations Operations and "Robust Peacekeeping" 467

11.3.3 United States Rules of Engagement and "Self-Defense" 474

11.4 The Way Ahead 479

12 The Narrow Operational and Normative Gap 483

12.1 Introduction 483

12.2 Narrowing the Gap 484

12.2.1 The Military Task: Applying Force of First and Last Resort 484

12.2.2 Force and Hostage Rescue 492

12.2.2.1 Unique Challenges and Responses 492

12.2.2.2 The Japanese Embassy, Lima, Peru, 1997 501

12.3 Explosives: The Game Changer 510

12.3.1 A Ubiquitous Weapon 510

12.3.2 Suicide Missions 515

12.3.3 Confronting the Explosive Threat 518

12.3.4 Suicide Necessary, Proportionate, and Overwhelming 521

12.4 A Unique Challenge 532

13 Limits of Law

Enforcement and Human Rights Law 535

13.1 Introduction 535

13.2 The Shoot to Kill Controversy 536

13.2.1 The "Troubles" 536

13.2.2 Shooting to Kill 544

13.3 The Militarization of the Police 550

13.4 Human Rights Overreach 552

13.5 The Shoot-Down of Hijacked Aircraft 559

13.6 Limits and the Need for Clarity 564

Part 5 The Way Ahead

14 A Holistic Solution 569

14.1 Introduction 569

14.2 From "Conventional" to "Hybrid" to "Holistic" 571

14.3 Responding to Transnational Attacks and Threats to Nationals 575

14.3.1 Armed Conflict of Law Enforcement? 575

14.3.2 Commencement of the Armed Conflict 584

14.3.3 Separating Armed Conflict from Law Enforcement 587

14.4 Applying a Human Rights-Based Law Enforcement Approach 588

14.4.1 As a Matter of Law 588

14.4.2 A Policy Choice by States 592

14.4.3 Discretion Exercised by the "Chain of Command" 595

14.4.4 A Law Enforcement Response to Attacks at Home and Abroad 597

14.4.5 Applying Law and Policy 600

14.5 Confronting Transnational Violence: A Holistic Approach 604

14.6 Law Enforcement and the Search for "Normalcy" 610

14.7 Appendix: Confronting Transnational Violence: A Holistic Approach 617

15 Preparing for Twenty-First-Century Conflict 619

15.1 Introduction 619

15.2 Legal Advisors and Twenty-First-Century Warfare 620.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780190457976

019045797X

OCLC:

922836410