In situ spectroscopic techniques at high pressure / Andreas Braeuer.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Braeuer, Andreas.

Series:

Supercritical fluid science and technology series ; v.7.

Supercritical fluid science and technology series ; v.7

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Spectrum analysis.

Physical Description:

xviii, 376 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2015.

Contents:

1 High Pressure: Fellow and Opponent of Spectroscopic Techniques

1.1 Compressible Fluids in High-Pressure Process Technology 1

1.2 Spectroscopic Techniques Bring Light into the Darkness of High-Pressure Processes 5

1.3 Why High Pressure is an Opponent of Spectroscopic Techniques? 6

1.4 Why High Pressure is a Fellow of Spectroscopic Techniques? 7

1.5 Advantages of Spectroscopic Techniques 8

1.5.1 Non-invasive Measurement Principle of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques 8

1.5.2 Temporal Resolution and Sampling Rates of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques 10

1.5.3 Spatial Resolution of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques 14

1.5.4 Dimensionality of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques 15

1.6 Exercises Corresponding to Chapter 1 20

Exercise 1.1 Temporal Resolution and Sampling Rate 20

Exercise 1.2 Spatial Resolution 24

Exercise 1.3 Spatial Resolution 25

1.7 Appendix-Chapter 1 26

1.7.1 Supercritical Fluids 26

1.7.2 Supercritical Anti-solvent (SAS) Process 33

References 36

2 Interaction of Matter and Electromagnetic Radiation

2.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation and Photons 41

2.1.1 Equation of a Harmonic Wave 42

2.1.2 Polarisation of the Electric Field 44

2.1.3 Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation 47

2.1.4 Energy and Momentum of a Photon 49

2.1.5 Exercises Corresponding to Section 2.1 50

2.2 Properties of Molecules 54

2.2.1 Specific Heat Capacity of a Gas 54

2.2.2 Translational Energy 56

2.2.3 Rotational Energy of a Diatomic Molecule 58

2.2.4 Vibrational Energy of a Diatomic Molecule 62

2.2.5 Electronic Energy 68

2.2.6 Energy of Molecules Relevant for Spectroscopy 71

2.2.7 Boltzmann's Distribution 74

2.3 Interaction of Bulk Matter and Electromagnetic Radiation 81

2.3.1 Index of Refraction 81

2.3.2 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Radiation 83

2.3.3 Diffraction of Electromagnetic Radiation 87

2.3.4 Elastic Light Scattering From Drops 90

2.3.5 Exercises Corresponding to Section 2.3 93

2.4 Interaction of Molecules and Electromagnetic Radiation 95

2.4.1 Absorption and Emission Processes 95

2.4.2 Scattering Processes 130

2.4.3 Brief Comparison of Absorption Techniques, Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Raman Scattering 169

2.4.4 Exercises Corresponding to Section 2.4 170

2.5 Appendix-Chapter 2 176

2.5.1 Translational Movement of Gas Molecules, the Mean Velocity of Gases and the Maxwell Velocity Distribution 176

2.5.2 Boltzmann's Distribution 179

2.5.3 Beer-Lambert Law 182

2.5.4 Meaning of a Cross-Section 183

2.5.5 Calibration of a Composition (Fuel/Air-Ratio) Indicating LIF Tracer 183

2.5.6 Hybrid Deconvolution of Mixture Spectra (Spectral Fit Approach) 186

References 188

3 Raman Spectroscopy From an Engineering Point of View

3.1 Three Basic Raman Sensor Designs 194

3.1.1 Signal Detection From One Point (0-D Raman Spectroscopy) 195

3.1.2 Detection of Line Profiles 202

3.1.3 Raman Imaging (Ramanography) 205

3.2 Engineering of a Raman Sensor 208

3.2.1 What Is the Suitable Excitation Wavelength for Linear Raman Spectroscopy 208

3.2.2 Stretching the Laser Pulse in Order to Prevent Window Damage 211

3.2.3 What Is the Suitable Detector 213

3.2.4 Guiding the Signals to the Detector 214

3.2.5 Helpful Suggestions One Might Not Consider: Unexpected and Undesired Interferences 220

3.3 Purification of Raman Signals from Undesired Interferences 228

3.3.1 Background Elimination via Post-Processing 229

3.3.2 Experimental Background Elimination Using SERDS 232

3.4 Case Studies 234

3.4.1 Vapour Liquid Equilibria 234

3.4.2 Gas Hydrates 238

3.4.3 Reactions 240

3.4.4 Mass Transfer During Sorption or Extraction Processes 241

3.4.5 Fuel-Air Mixture Generation Analysis in Internal Combustion Engines Using 1-D Raman Spectroscopy 245

3.4.6 Fuel/Oxygen Mixture Generation Analysis in Rocket Engines Using Raman Imaging 249

3.4.7 Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis in Hydrogen Jets Injected Into Compressed Nitrogen Using Raman Imaging 250

3.4.8 SAS Raman Imaging 253

3.5 Appendix-Chapter 3 256

3.5.1 Pulsed Excitation Lasers (Q-Switching Using a Pockels Cell) 256

3.5.2 Detectors: CCD, EMCCD and ICCD 259

References 276

4 Shadowgraph and Schlieren Techniques

4.1 How Shadowgraph and Schlieren Techniques Work 284

4.1.1 Light Refraction by a Two-Dimensional Schliere 284

4.1.2 Working Principle of Shadowgraph Techniques 285

4.1.3 Working Principle of Schlieren Techniques 286

4.1.4 Distinction Between the Shadowgraph and the Schlieren Technique 293

4.2 Ballistic Spray Imaging: A Special Shadowgraph Technique 294

4.3 Case Studies 297

4.3.1 Characterisation of Sprays, Jets 298

4.3.2 Pendant, Sessile and Levitated Drops at High Pressure 302

4.3.3 Supercritical Drying of Gels 305

4.3.4 Microfluidics for High Pressure 306

References 309

5 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Phosphorescence (LIP) Techniques

5.1 LIF and LIP-Thermometry 314

5.1.1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) for Liquid-Phase Thermometry 314

5.1.2 Laser-Induced Phosphorescence (LIP) for Liquid-Phase Thermometry 315

5.1.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) for Vapour-Phase Thermometry 317

5.1.4 Laser-Induced Phosphorescence (LIP) for Vapour Phase Thermometry 324

5.2 Laser-Induced Excited-Complex Fluorescence (LIEF) 326

5.3 Case Studies 329

5.3.1 Drops on Demand at Near Critical Conditions 329

5.3.2 Jet Mixing in the Vicinity of the Critical Point 332

5.3.3 Comprehensive Multi-Parameter Measurements in Transparent Internal Combustion Engines 335

5.3.4 Brief Comparison Between Elastic Light Scattering and LIF for Transcritical Jet Mixing Analysis 337

References 339

6 Absorption Spectroscopy

6.1 Working Principles of Absorption Spectrometers 348

6.1.1 Absorption in Transmission 348

6.1.2 Fourier-Transform Absorption Spectroscopy 350

6.1.3 Absorption in the Evanescent Field 355

6.1.4 Supercontinuum Time-of-Flight Absorption Spectroscopy 358

6.2 Case Studies 360

6.2.1 NIR Absorption Spectroscopy for Inline Monitoring of Extraction Processes 360

6.2.2 Supercontinuum Absorption Spectroscopy for Temperature Sensing at Elevated Pressure 361

6.2.3 In Situ Imaging of Diffusion and Dissolution Phenomena at High Pressures 363

References 365.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0444634223

9780444634221

OCLC:

913923178