The polysiloxanes / James E. Mark, Dale W. Schaefer, and Gui Lin.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Mark, James E., 1934- author.

Schaefer, Dale W., author.

Lin, Gui (Scientist), author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Silicones.

Physical Description:

ix, 277 pages ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2015]

Summary:

Polysiloxanes are the most important of the inorganic and semi-inorganic polymers. The Si-O backbone endows polysiloxanes with intriguing properties: the strength of the Si-O bond imparts considerable thermal stability, and the nature of the bonding imparts low surface free energy. Prostheses, artificial organs, objects for facial reconstruction, vitreous substitutes in the eyes, and tubing take advantage of the stability and pliability of polysiloxanes. Artificial skin, contact lenses, and drug delivery systems utilize their high permeability. Such biomedical applications have led to biocompatibility studies on polysiloxanes with proteins to understand and improve suitability of these materials for genera! biomedical application. The Polysiloxanes examines novel aspects of polysiloxane science and engineering, including properties, work in progress, and important unsolved problems. The volume, with ten comprehensive chapters, examines the history, preparation and analysis, synthesis, characterization, and applications of these polymeric materials. Mark, Schaefer, and Lin bring researchers up to date with a complete account of the current state and projected future of polysiloxane science. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 History 2

1.3 Nomenclature 3

2 Preparation, Analysis, and Degradation 9

2.1 Preparation of Monomers 9

2.2 Ring-Opening Polymerizations 10

2.3 Other Approaches and Copolymerizations 12

2.4 Structural Features 13

2.5 Elastomer Technology 14

2.6 Analysis and Testing 17

2.7 Degradation 19

3 Types of Polysiloxanes 32

3.1 Homopolymers 32

3.2 Reactive Chains 33

3.3 Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers 35

3.4 Liquid-Crystalline Polymers 35

3.4.1 Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers 35

3.4.2 Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers 38

3.5 Cyclics 40

3.5.1 Introduction 40

3.5.2 Miscellaneous Properties of Polysiloxane Cyclics 41

3.5.3 Comparisons Between Polysiloxane Cyclics and Polysiloxane Linear Chains 42

3.6 Other Novel Materials 44

3.6.1 Blends 44

3.6.2 Ceramic Phases and Coatings 45

3.6.3 Micropatterned Materials 45

3.6.4 Nanonlaments and Molecular Wires 45

3.6.5 Thermosets 46

4 Some Characterization Techniques Useful for Polysiloxanes 68

4.1 General Comments 68

4.2 Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques 68

4.3 Microscopies 69

4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 69

4.5 Thermoporometry 70

4.6 Scattering of Light, X-Rays, and Neutrons 71

4.7 Brillouin Scattering 72

4.8 Pulse Propagation 72

4.9 Theory and Simulations 72

5 General Properties 81

5.1 Some General Information 81

5.2 Conformations and Spatial Configurations 81

5.2.1 Symmetrically Substituted Polysiloxanes 81

5.2.2 Stereochemically Variable Polysiloxanes 85

5.2.3 Some Unusual Side Groups 87

5.2.4 Poly(dimethylsilmethylene) 88

5.3 Flexibility of the Polymer Chains 88

5.3.1 Equilibrium Flexibility 88

5.3.2 Dynamic Flexibility 94

5.3.3 Viscoelasticity 94

5.4 Permeability 95

5.5 Dielectric Constants and Dipole Moments 97

5.6 Stability, Safety Aspects, and Environmental Impacts 97

5.7 Thermodynamics 99

5.8 Crystallinity 100

5.9 Some Additional Unusual Properties of PDMS 100

6 Surfaces 119

6.1 Introduction 119

6.2 Interactions with Water 119

6.2.1 Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity 119

6.2.2 Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity 120

6.3 Characterization 120

6.3.1 Contact Angles 120

6.3.2 Wettability 121

6.3.3 Spreading 121

6.3.4 Surface Pressure 122

6.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy 122

6.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 122

6.3.7 Swelling 122

6.3.8 Exposure to Seawater 122

6.4 Chains Bonded to or Embedded in Surfaces 123

6.4.1 Tethering 123

6.4.2 Grafting 123

6.5 Radiation Treatments 125

6.5.1 Plasmas and Photons 125

6.5.2 UV and UV/Ozone Treatments 125

6.5.3 Ion Beams 126

6.6 Some Additional Chemical Aspects 126

6.6.1 Emulsions 126

6.6.2 Radical Polymerization 126

6.6.3 Copolymers with Polyurethanes 126

6.7 Migration 127

6.7.1 Surface Segregation 127

6.7.2 Recovery and Restructuring 127

6.7.3 Self-Hearing 128

6.8 Interactions with Biomolecules 128

6.8.1 Trapped Biomolecules 128

6.8.2 Controlled Release 128

6.8.3 Protein Adsorption 128

6.8.4 Cells and Antigen Molecules 129

6.8.5 Biofouling 129

6.9 Mechanical Aspects 130

6.9.1 Friction and Lubricity 130

6.9.2 Adhesion 130

6.9.3 Tribology 131

6.10 Some Novel Materials 131

6.10.1 Dendrimers 131

6.10.2 Ceramic Phases and Coatings 131

6.10.3 Micropatterning 131

6.10.4 Nanofilaments and Molecular Wires 131

7 Elastomeric Networks 144

7.1 Network Formation and Some Elastomeric Quantities 144

7.1.1 Gelation 144

7.1.2 Cross Linking Under Unusual Conditions 145

7.1.3 Some Elastomeric Quantities 149

7.2 Unimodal Model Elastomers 150

7.2.1 General Approach 150

7.2.2 Effects of Junction Functionality 151

7.2.3 Effects of Entanglements 152

7.2.4 Interpretation of Ultimate Properties 154

7.2.5 Dangling-Chain Networks 155

7.2.6 Interpenetrating Networks 157

7.2.7 Sorption and Extraction of Diluents 159

7.2.7.1 General Approach 159

7.2.7.2 Linear Diluents 159

7.2.7.3 Branched Diluents 160

7.2.7.4 Polar Diluents 160

7.3 Multimodal Networks 160

7.3.1 Introduction 160

7.3.2 Bimodal Networks 162

7.3.2.1 Introduction 162

7.3.2.2 Materials and Synthetic Techniques 162

7.3.2.3 Testing of the Weakest Link 163

7.3.2.4 Elongation Results 164

7.3.2.5 Results in Other Mechanical Deformations 169

7.3.2.6 Results on Nonmechanical Properties 172

7.3.2.7 Inadvertent Bimodal Networks 173

7.3.2.8 Other Materials in Which Bimodality Might Be Advantageous 174

7.3.3 Trimodal Networks 175

7.4 Trapping of Cyclic Oligomers Within Network Structures 177

7.4.1 Experimental Results 177

7.4.2 Theoretical Interpretation 177

7.4.3 Olympic Networks 179

7.5 Orientation 180

7.6 Some Viscoelastic Results 180

8 Copolymers and Interpenetrating Networks 203

8.1 Random Copolymers 203

8.2 Block Copolymers 203

8.3 Interpenetrating Networks 205

9 Composites 216

9.1 Sol-Gel Ceramics 216

9.2 Fillers in Elastomers 217

9.2.1 Approximately Spherical Particles 217

9.2.2 Glassy Particles Deformable into Ellipsoidal Shapes 224

9.2.3 Ex Situ and Modified Silicas 227

9.2.4 Layered Fillers 228

9.2.5 Magnetic and Metallic Particles 228

9.2.6 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes 230

9.2.7 Nanotubes 231

9.2.8 Dual Fillers 231

9.2.9 Porous Fillers 231

9.2.10 Fillers with Controlled Interfaces 232

9.2.11 Silicification and Biosilicification 232

9.2.12 Miscellaneous Fillers 232

9.2.13 Unusual Shapes 233

9.2.14 Simulations on Fillers 233

9.3 Polymer-Modified Ceramics 235

10 Applications 262

10.1 Medical 262

10.2 Nonmedical 263

10.3 Conclusions and Outlook 268.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780195181739

0195181735

OCLC:

890107175