The evolution of sex determination / Leo W. Beukeboom, Nicolas Perrin.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Beukeboom, Leo, author.

Contributor:

UPSO (University Press Scholarship Online)

Rudolph G. Schmieder Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Genetic sex determination.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvi, 222 pages, 4 unnumbered pages of plates.)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2014.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination mechanisms are responsible for the sexual fate and development of sexual characteristics in an organism, be it a unicellular alga, a plant, or an animal. In many cases, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or different genes that specify their sexual morphology. In animals, this is often accompanied by chromosomal differences. In other cases, sex may be determined by environmental (e.g. temperature) or social variables (e.g. the size of an organism relative to other members of its population). Surprisingly, sex-determination mechanisms are not evolutionarily conserved but are bewilderingly diverse and appear to have had rapid turnover rates during evolution. Evolutionary biologists continue to seek a solution to this conundrum. What drives the surprising dynamics of such a fundamental process that always leads to the same outcome: two sex types, male and female? The answer is complex but the ongoing genomic revolution has already greatly increased our knowledge of sex-determination systems and sex chromosomes in recent years. This novel book presents and synthesizes our current understanding, and clearly shows that sex-determination evolution will remain a dynamic field of future research. The Evolution of Sex Determination is an advanced, research level text suitable for graduate students and researchers in genetics, developmental biology, and evolution. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 What are sexes, and why are there sexes? 1

1.1 Meiotic sex 3

1.1.1 What is sex? 3

1.1.2 What use is sex? 5

1.1.2a The costs of sex 6

1.1.2b The benefits of sex 6

1.2 Mating types, sexes, and genders 9

1.2.1 What uses are primary mating types? 11

1.2.1a Inbreeding avoidance 11

1.2.1b Sex-advantage enhancement 11

1.2.1c Control over organelle transmission 12

1.2.1d Developmental switch 12

1.2.2 Frequency-dependent selection on mating types 13

1.2.3 Sexes and sex-ratio selection 14

1.3 Sex roles, sexual conflicts, and sexual selection 15

1.4 Sex determination versus sex differentiation 16

2 The diversity of sexual cycles 18

2.1 Sexual cycles among eukaryotes 18

2.1.1 Haploid versus diploid phases 18

2.1.1a Is diploidy better? 20

2.1.1b What maintains haplo-diplontic cycles? 23

2.1.2 (An)isogamy: from mating types to sexes 24

2.1.3 Modes and timing of sex determination 26

2.1.4 Haplo-genotypic sex determination (H-GSD) 28

2.1.5 Diplo-genotypic sex determination (D-GSD) 28

2.1.6 Epigenetic sex differentiation 29

2.1.6a Simultaneous hermaphroditism 29

2.1.6b Sequential hermaphroditism 30

2.1.6c Environmental sex determination (BSD) 31

2.1.6d Social sex determination 32

2.1.6e Maternal control 32

2.1.6f Parasite manipulation 33

2.1.7 Self-incompatibility systems and induction types 34

2.1.8 Evolutionary paths among sex-determination modes 34

2.2 The eukaryote tree of sex 36

3 Molecular mechanisms of sex determination 37

3.1 Gene regulatory networks 37

3.1.1 Sex-determination cascades 37

3.1.2 The main actors 38

3.1.2a Transcription factors 38

3.1.2b Post-transcriptional regulation 39

3.1.2c Hormones and pheromones 40

3.1.3 Molecular mechanisms of transitions 40

3.2 Hapioid mating-type determination 41

3.2.1 What genes are on MAT loci? 41

3.2.2 Specific systems 43

3.2.2a Zygomycetes 43

3.2.2b Ascomycetes 43

3.2.2c Basidiomycetes 44

3.2.26 Amoebozoa 47

3.2.2e Chlorophyta 47

3.2.3 Epigenetic mating-type determination 49

3.2.3a Mating-type switching 49

3.2.3b Self-compatibility 50

3.3 Diploid sex determination 51

3.3.1 Sex determination in angiosperms 51

3.3.2 Sex determination in animals 56

3.3.2a DM-domain genes 57

3.3.2b Sex determination in vertebrates 61

3.3.2c Sex determination in Ecdysozoa 64

3.3.3 Molecular mechanisms of sex manipulation by parasites 66

3.4 Self-incompatibility systems and induction types 71

3.4.1 SI systems 71

3.4.1a SI systems in angiosperms 71

3.4.1b SI systems in ascidians 73

3.4.2 Induction types 73

3.4.2a Mating types in ciliates 74

3.4.2b Induction types in oomycetes 76

4 The quantitative genetics of sex determination 78

4.1 Sex as a threshold trait 78

4.2 Genetic variance 78

4.3 Environmental variance and random effects 80

4.4 Mixed systems 81

4.5 The classical dichotomous view: GSD versus BSD 82

4.6 Norms of reaction 83

4.7 Heritability of sex ratios 84

4.8 G × E interactions 86

4.9 Response to selection 86

4.10 Local adaptations 87

5 The evolution of sex chromosomes 89

5.1 Recombination arrest 90

5.1.1 Ultimate causes 90

5.1.2 Proximate mechanisms 93

5.1.3 Neo-sex chromosomes 95

5.1.4 Pseudo-autosomal regions 97

5.2 Genomic consequences of recombination arrest 97

5.2.1 U and V chromosomes 99

5.2.2 Y and W chromosomes 101

5.2.2a Evolutionary forces on Y and W 101

5.2.2b Empirical evidence 101

5.2.2c Fitness costs to the heterogametic sex 103

5.2.2d Opposing the decay: gene conversion and X-Y recombination 104

5.2.2e Accommodating the decay: dosage compensation 104

5.2.2f Are Y and W chromosomes doomed to extinction? 107

5.2.3 X and Z chromosomes 108

5.2.3a Evolutionary forces on X and Z 108

5.2.3b Empirical evidence 111

5.3 Heterogeneity between lineages 113

6 Evolutionary correlates of sex-determination systems 115

6.1 Sex determination and polyploidy 115

6.2 Sex determination and parthenogenesis 116

6.3 Sex determination and sex allocation 117

6.3.1 Parental control and genetic conflicts over sex allocation 118

6.3.2 Meiotic-drive sex chromosomes and sex-ratio distorters 120

6.4 Sexual dimorphism and sexual selection 124

6.4.1 Are sex chromosomes attractors for sexually selected traits? 124

6.4.2 Is female heterogamety more conducive to flashy males? 125

6.5 Sex determination and speciation 126

6.5.1 Haldane's rule 127

6.5.2 Darwin's corollary 130

6.5.3 Large X-effects 130

6.5.4 Pre-mating isolation 130

6.5.5 Sex chromosome introgression in hybrid zones 131

6.5.6 What about systems lacking differentiated sex chromosomes? 132

7 Transitions among sex-determination systems 133

7.1 A diversity of transitions 133

7.2 Evolutionary causes 134

7.2.1 Neutral processes 134

7.2.2 Fitness differences between sex phenotypes 135

7.2.2a SA-driven transitions 135

7.2.2b Mutation-load driven transitions 136

7.2.3 Sex-ratio selection 137

7.2.3a Shifting optimal sex ratios 137

7.2.3b Environmentally driven transitions 138

7.2.3c Genetic conflicts 138

7.3 Open questions on SD transitions 144

7.3.1 Why do turnover rates differ between lineages? 144

7.3.2 Are some SD systems more labile or some transitions more likely 145

7.3.3 Are some chromosome pairs particularly good at sex? 147

7.4 Perspectives on SD transitions 147.

Notes:

Electronic reproduction. Oxford Available via World Wide Web.

Description based on print version record.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rudolph G. Schmieder Fund.

ISBN:

9780191748103

0191748102

Publisher Number:

99960190390

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.