Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth / Jaladanki N. Rao and Jian-Ying Wang.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Rao, Jaladanki N., author.

Contributor:

Wang, J.-Y. (Jian-Ying)

Series:

Colloquium digital library of life sciences

Colloquium series on integrated systems physiology, from molecule to function, 2154-5626 ; # 15.

Colloquium series in integrated systems physiology, from molecule to function, 2154-5626 ; # 15

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Gastrointestinal mucosa--Growth.

Gastrointestinal mucosa.

Gastrointestinal Tract.

Mucous Membrane--growth & development.

Growth.

Medical Subjects:

Gastrointestinal Tract.

Mucous Membrane--growth & development.

Physical Description:

1 electronic text (viii pages, 105 unnumbered pages) : illustrations.

Place of Publication:

San Rafael, Calif. (1537 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA) : Morgan and Claypool, [2011]

System Details:

Mode of access: World Wide Web.

text file

Summary:

The mammalian gastrointestinal mucosa is a rapidly self-renewing tissue in the body, and its homeostasis is preserved through the strict regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. The control of the growth of gastrointestinal mucosa is unique and, compared with most other tissue in the body, complex. Mucosal growth is regulated by the same hormones that alter metabolism in other tissues, but the gastrointestinal mucosa also responds to a host of events triggered by the ingestion and presence of food within the digestive tract. These gut hormones and peptides regulate the growth of the exocrine pancreas, gallbladder epithelium, and the mucosa of the oxyntic gland region of the stomach and the small and large intestines. Luminal factors (nutrients or other dietary factors, secretions, and microbes), which occur within the lumen and distribute over a proximal-to-distal gradient, are also crucial for the maintenance of the normal gut mucosal growth and could explain the villous height-crypt depth gradient and variety of adaptations since these factors are diluted, absorbed, and destroyed as they pass down the digestive tract. Recently, intestinal stem cells and polyamines are shown to play an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth under physiological and various pathological conditions. In this chapter, we highlight key issues and factors that control gastrointestinal mucosal growth, with special emphasis on the mechanisms through which epithelial renewal is regulated by polyamines at the cellular and molecular levels.

Contents:

Introduction

Intestinal architecture and development

Mucosal wall architecture

Development and functions

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Characteristics of gut mucosal growth

Intestinal stem cells

ISCs and their niches

Signaling pathways regulating ISCs

Wnt signaling pathway

BMP pathway

Notch pathway

Role of GI hormones on the gut mucosal growth

Gastrin

Cholecystokinin

Secretin

Somatostatin

Ghrelin

Bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide

Other GI hormones

Peptide growth factors in GI mucosal growth

EGF family

TGF-b family

IGF family

FGF family

Other factors

Luminal nutrients and microbes in gut mucosal growth

Luminal factors

Microbes in health and mucosal growth

Dietary supplements

Polyamines in the regulation of mucosal growth

Polyamine metabolism

Polyamines stimulate mucosal growth by enhancing gene transcription

Polyamines regulate epithelial renewal by altering expression of protooncogenes

Polyamines are required for protooncogene transcription

Possible mechanisms of action of the polyamines

Induced mRNA stabilization and growth arrest after polyamine depletion

Polyamine depletion stabilizes p53

Polyamines modulate JunD mRNA stability

Polyamine depletion stabilizes TGF-b mRNA and activates Smad signaling

Polyamines regulate apoptosis by altering the stability of ATF-2 and XIAP mRNAs

Polyamines modulate the stability of mRNAs via the RNA-binding protein HuR

Polyamines modulate subcellular trafficking of HuR

Induced cytoplasmic HuR binds to target mRNAs in polyamine-deficient cells

Induced HuR stabilizes its target mRNAs in polyamine-deficient cells

mRNA translation by polyamines

Summary and conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Author biographies.

Notes:

Part of: Colloquium digital library of life sciences.

Series from website.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-104).

ISBN:

9781615041336

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.