Negotiating Europe : EU promotion of Europeanness since the 1950s / Oriane Calligaro.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Calligaro, Oriane, 1980-

Series:

Europe in transition (New York, N.Y.)

Europe in transition: the NYU European studies series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Group identity--European Union countries.

Group identity.

Intellectual life.

History.

Civilization.

Nationalism.

European Union countries.

Nationalism--European Union countries.

National characteristics, European.

European Union countries--Civilization--20th century.

European Union countries--Intellectual life--History--20th century.

Physical Description:

xvi, 252 pages ; 23 cm.

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

Summary:

The book explores the promotion of Europeanness, which aims to arouse feelings of belonging to the European Union. It demonstrates that the promotion of Europeanness at the EU level does not constitute an overarching identity policy that imposes a homogenous interpretation of European identity. Rather, it is a process of negotiation in which various entrepreneurs of Europeanness within and outside the EU institutions invent and communicate representations of Europe. Both the negotiation and the multilayered representations of Europe that it produces are investigated through three case studies: the academia and the historians, European heritage, and the iconography of the euro. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 The European Commission's Action in the Academic and Historical Fields 15

I The Jean Monnet Action: "Europe in the University Programs" 18

1 Background: The Commission's University Information Policy 19

1.1 The Universities: A Specific Target of European Information 19

1.2 The First Initiatives in the Academic Milieu 22

1.3 The Promotion of European Studies: The French Case and the Role of Émile Noël 22

2 The Jean Monnet Action: An Initiative of the University Information Unit of the DG X in Partnership with the Academic Actors 25

2.1 European Chairs: An Old Concept Relaunched in 1987 25

2.2 The Project of European Chairs: A Concept of the Commission... 28

2.3 ...Which Involved at an Early Stage University Actors 29

3 Launching the Jean Monnet Action: The Institutional Process 30

3.1 Presenting the Project to the European Commission 30

3.2 The Approval of the Council and the Battle of the Budget 32

4 The Development of the Jean Monnet Action 33

4.1 A Mediator between the European Commission and the Universities: The European University Council for the Jean Monnet Action 33

4.2 The Success of the Jean Monnet Action: A "Punctual Action" that Became a Large-Scale Program 34

4.3 The Reform of the Commission and the End of the "University Information" Concept 35

II The European Commission and Historians: The Failed Utopia of a Militant Approach to European History? 38

1 The Promotion of a New Field of Research: European Integration History 39

1.1 A First Tentative Measure: European Integration History at the European University Institute 39

1.2 A New Attempt: The Symposium of Professors of Contemporary History in 1982 43

2 The Liaison Committee of Historians, an Ambiguous Creation of the European Commission 49

2.1 Who Sets the Agenda of the Liaison Committee of Historians? 49

2.2 The Specific Case of Oral History 51

2.3 The Project "European Identity and Consciousness in the Twentieth Century" 54

3 A European History of Europe: The Duroselle/Delouche Project 57

3.1 Competing Projects on History of Europe 57

3.2 The Delouche/Duroselle Project: A Teleological Vision of European History 61

3.3 The European Commission's Support 64

3.4 The Greek Protests and the Commission's Disengagement 66

4 The Reconfiguration of the Relations between the European Commission and Historians 68

4.1 The Supplanting of the Liaison Committee by the Jean Monnet Network: The Example of the Project of Oral History 68

4.2 The Discontent of the Commission Concerning the Liaison Committee 69

4.3 The History of the European Commission: An Institutional Project 72

Conclusion 74

2 Using and Negotiating European Cultural Heritage 79

I From the Introduction of the Concept of Cultural Heritage to the Slow Institutionalization of EU Action in the Field 81

1 How Cultural Heritage Was Introduced in the European Agenda 82

1.1 International Background and Council of Europe Initiatives in Favor of Heritage 82

1.2 The European Community in the Middle 1970s: Search for a "Human" Dimension of the Integration Process and First Reflection on a Cultural Action 83

1.3 A Determining Actor behind the Scenes: Robert Grégoire 84

2 The Concept of Heritage: An Instrument for the Promotion of a Community Action in the Cultural Sector 85

2.1 The EC in Search of a More Human Identity 85

2.2 The Long Process of Institutionalization of the Community Action in the Field of Heritage 87

II Which European Heritage and for What Purpose? Instrumentalization of the Concept of European Heritage and Diversification of Its Interpretation 89

1 An Instrumentalization of Culture? Definition and Use of the Concept of European Heritage 90

1.1 A Conceptual Background: The Problematic Definition of European Culture 90

1.2 What Is European Cultural Heritage? 91

1.3 The Europeanization of Heritage 96

2 An European Heritage as, a Political Resource: The Decentralized Use of Heritage 98

2.1 An Extensive Conception of Cultural Heritage: The Example of Industrial Heritage 98

2.2 The Minority Cultures and Languages as an Integral Part of European Heritage 100

2.3 Heritage: An Instrument for a European Integration from below? 102

3 A Recent Major Evolution: The Recognition of a Negative Dimension of the European Heritage 104

3.1 The Impulse Given by the EP 104

3.2 The Inclusion of a Negative Heritage in EU Programs: The First Steps toward a Reflection on the Dark Sides of Europe's Past? 109

Conclusion 114

3 Designing Europeanness: Euro Banknotes and Coins 117

I Historical and Theoretical Context of the Euro Iconography 122

1 The Principal Steps of the EMU and the Main Actors Responsible for the Selection of the Iconography of the Euro 123

1.1 Origins and Principal Steps of the EMU 123

1.2 The Main Actors of the Selection Process of the Euro Iconography 124

2 An Introduction to the Role of Currency in Identity-Building Process 126

2.1 The EMU, European Integration, and the Significance of the National Model 126

2.2 Money as Medium of Social Communication and Marker of National Identity 128

2.3 The Issue of Trust 128

3 The Difficult Choice of the Name of the European Single Currency 131

3.1 The Omnipresence of the Historical References 131

3.2 Historical Neutrality Prevails 132

II Imagining the European Currency before the Euro: Private and Public Iconographic Experimentations as Representations of European Integration 133

1 European Coins before the Euro: From Federalist Dreams to Advertising Devices 133

1.1 The Federalist Tokens: Symbols of a Desired European Currency and Instruments of Propaganda 133

1.2 The Experimentations of the National Mints: Blueprints for the Euro Coins 136

1.3 The European Currency from a Local Perspective 137

2 The "Graphic Ecu Competition," a "Citizen's Initiative" 138

2.1 The Central Bankers' Defiance 138

2.2 The Support of the EU Institutions 140

2.3 The Competition 141

2.4 The "Graphic Ecu Competition" in the Press: The Defeat of a More Democratic Europe? 142

III A Meaningful Abstraction: The Iconography of the Euro Banknotes 144

1 How the EMI Tried to Square the Circle: A European Cultural Heritage with No Trace of the Nation-State 144

1.1 The Bankers and the Euro: Between Economic Efficiency, National Interests, and European Identity 144

1.2 The Design and Heritage "Experts": How Is Europe Heritage Negotiated at the European Level? 148

2 The Choice of Robert Kalina's "Abstract" Design 152

2.1 The Competition 152

2.2 The Central Bankers' Final Decision 156

3 The Interpretation of Kalina's Iconography 159

3.1 The Euro Banknotes: Faceless Money or Aesthetic Revolution? 159

3.2 A Vision of Europe's Time and Space 162

IV A Double-Faced European Identity? The Iconography of the Euro Coins 166

1 Mapping the Boundaries of Europe: The Common Face of the Euro Coins 167

1.1 The Member States' Choice: A Two-Sided Euro Coin 167

1.2 The Design of the Common European Side of the Euro Coin 168

1.3 The Euro Coins' Political Geography 169

2 The National Sides of Euro Coins 170

2.1 Processes of Selection 170

2.2 The Main Characteristics of the National Iconographies 171

2.3 Symbolic Dialogue between the Different Levels of the Euro Iconography 173

2.4 National Identity and Sovereignty 174

Conclusion 177.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781137369895

1137369892

OCLC:

855607044