Nanomagnetism and spintronics / edited by Teruya Shinjo.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Shinjō, Teruya, 1938- editor.

Series:

Elsevier insights

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Spintronics.

Nanoelectromechanical systems.

Electromagnetism.

Physical Description:

xiv, 358 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2014.

Summary:

Elsevier Insights provides high quality specialized content across a range of disciplines including life sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, engineering, computing, and finance. Through fast-track publication, Elsevier Insights offers the reader cutting-edge information, available in eBook or print format. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Overview / Teruya Shinjo Shinjo, Teruya 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Discovery of GMR 3

1.3 Development of GMR Studies 6

1.4 Recent Progress in MR Experiments 9

1.5 The Scope of This Book 12

References 13

2 GMR, TMR, BMR, and Related Phenomena / Jun-ichiro Inoue Inoue, Jun-ichiro 15

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Spin-Dependent Transport in Ferromagnetic Metals 18

2.2.1 Electronic States and Magnetism in TMs and Alloys 19

2.2.2 α-Parameter 20

2.2.3 Spin-Dependent Resistivity in TM Alloys 21

2.2.4 Spin-Dependent Resistivity due to Ferromagnetic Impurities in Novel Metals 22

2.2.5 Two-Band Model 24

2.3 Microscopic Theory of Electrical Conductivity: Linear Response Theory 24

2.3.1 Kubo Formula 25

2.3.2 Current Parallel to Planes 26

2.3.3 Current Perpendicular to Layer Planes 27

2.3.4 Recursive Green's Function Method 28

2.3.5 Conductance Quantization and Landauer Formula 29

2.4 Giant Magnetoresistance 30

2.4.1 Magnetic Multilayers 31

2.4.2 Experiments on GMR 32

2.4.3 Phenomenological Theory of GMR 37

2.4.4 Mechanism of GMR 39

2.4.5 Effects of Spin-Flip Scattering 44

2.5 Tunnel Magnetoresistance 45

2.5.1 Ferromagnetic Tunnel Junctions 46

2.5.2 Experiments for TMR 46

2.5.3 A Phenomenological Theory of TMR 47

2.5.4 Free-Electron Model 49

2.5.5 Ingredients for TMR 50

2.5.6 TMR in Various Systems 55

2.5.7 Coulomb Blockade and TMR 66

2.6 Ballistic Magnetoresistance 71

2.6.1 Conductance Quantization in Metals 71

2.6.2 Experiment and Theory of BMR 73

2.7 Other MR Effects-Normal MR, AMR, and CMR 76

2.7.1 Normal MR 76

2.7.2 Anisotropic Magnetoresistance 76

2.7.3 Colossal Magnetoresistance 78

2.8 SOI and Hall Effects 80

2.8.1 Spin-Orbit Interaction 80

2.8.2 Anomalous Hall Effect 81

2.8.3 Spin Hall Effect 82

2.8.4 Rashba 2DEG and Spin Accumulation 85

2.9 Thermal Effects on Charge and Spin Currents 86

2.9.1 General Remark 86

2.9.2 Thermoelectric Effects 88

2.10 Spin Transfer and Spin Pumping 92

2.10.1 Spin Transfer Torque 92

2.10.2 Magnetization Dynamics and Spin Pumping 93

2.10.3 Example of the Microscopic Calculation of STT 95

2.11 Perspective 97

Acknowledgments 98

References 98

3 Spin Injection and Voltage Effects in Magnetic Nanopillars and Its Applications / Yoshishige Suzuki Suzuki, Yoshishige, Ashwin A. Tulapurkar Tulapurkar, Ashwin A., Youichi Shiota Shiota, Youichi, Claude Chappert Chappert, Claude 107

3.1 Spin Injection, Voltage Application, and Torque 108

3.1.1 Spin Injection 108

3.1.2 Spin-Transfer Torque 118

3.1.3 Field-Like Torque and Rashba Torque 125

3.1.4 Electric Field-Induced Anisotropy Change and Torque 126

3.2 Spin-Injection Magnetization Reversal 129

3.2.1 Amplification of the Precession 129

3.2.2 Linearized LLG Equation and Instability Current 133

3.2.3 Spin-Injection Magnetization Switching 136

3.2.4 Switching Time and Thermal Effects 139

3.2.5 High-Speed Measurements 143

3.3 High-Frequency Phenomena 148

3.3.1 Spin-Transfer Oscillation 148

3.3.2 Spin-Torque Diode Effect 154

3.3.3 Electric Field-Induced Dynamic Switching 159

3.4 From Spin-Transfer Torque RAM to Magnetic Logic 161

3.4.1 The Magnetic Random Access Memory 162

3.4.2 The Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM (or STT-RAM, or Spin-RAM) 161

3.4.3 Toward Magnetic Logic 167

Acknowledgments 169

References 169

4 Dynamics of Magnetic Domain Walls in Nanomagnetic Systems / Teruo Ono Ono, Teruo, Teruya Shinjo Shinjo, Teruya 177

4.1 Introduction 177

4.2 Field-Driven DW Motions 178

4.2.1 Detection of DW Propagation by Using GMR Effect 178

4.2.2 Ratchet Effect in DW Motions 181

4.2.3 DW Velocity Measurements 183

4.3 Current-Driven DW Motions 189

4.3.1 Concept of Current-Driven DW Motion 189

4.3.2 Magnetic Force Microscopy Direct Observations 190

4.3.3 Toward Applications of Current-Driven DW Motion 194

4.4 Topics on Nanodot Systems 197

4.4.1 MFM Studies on Magnetic Vortices, in Dot Systems 197

4.4.2 Current-Driven Resonant Excitation of Magnetic Vortex 201

4.4.3 Switching a Vortex Core by Electric Current 203

Acknowledgments 209

References 209

5 Theoretical Aspects of Current-Driven Magnetization Dynamics / Hiroshi Kohno Kohno, Hiroshi, Gen Tatara Tatara, Gen 213

5.1 Introduction 214

5.2 Dynamics of a Rigid Domain Wall 215

5.2.1 Field-Driven Domain Wall Motion 215

5.2.2 Current-Driven Domain Wall Motion 223

5.2.3 Dynamics 229

5.3 Microscopic Calculation of Spin Torques 236

5.3.1 General 236

5.3.2 Small-Amplitude Method 240

5.3.3 Gauge-Field Method 244

5.3.4 Force 247

5.4 Related Topics 250

5.4.1 Current-Driven Motion of Magnetic Vortices 250

5.4.2 Current-Induced Spin-Wave Instability 254

Acknowledgment 256

References 256

6 Micromagnetics of Domain Wall Dynamics in Soft Nanostrips / André Thiaville Thiaville, André, Yoshinobu Nakatani Nakatani, Yoshinobu 261

6.1 Introduction 262

6.1.1 Micromagnetics 262

6.1.2 Numerical Micromagnetics 263

6.1.3 Domain Wall Structures in Soft Nanostrips 265

6.2 Field Dynamics of Domain Walls 268

6.2.1 Panorama 268

6.2.2 Steady-State Regime 270

6.2.3 Motion Above the Walker Field 274

6.2.4 Imperfect Samples 276

6.2.5 Comparison to Experiments 279

6.3 Domain Wall Motion by Spin-Polarized Current 280

6.3.1 CIP Spin Transfer in Micromagnetics 280

6.3.2 Perfect Case with Adiabatic STT 287

6.3.3 Perfect Case with NonAdiabatic STT 291

6.3.4 Imperfect Case 298

6.4 Dynamics Under Combined Field and Current 302

6.4.1 Perfect Samples 302

6.4.2 Imperfect Nanostrip Case 304

6.4.3 Comparison to Experiments 305

6.4.4 AC Effects 305

6.5 Conclusions and Outlook 306

Acknowledgments 307

References 307

7 III-V-Based Ferromagnetic Semiconductors / Fumihiro Matsukura Matsukura, Fumihiro, Hideo Ohno Ohno, Hideo 315

7.1 Introduction 316

7.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 317

7.3 Structural and Magnetic Properties 319

7.3.1 Structural Characterization of (Ga,Mn)As 319

7.3.2 Magnetic Properties of (Ga,Mn)As 321

7.4 Electrical and Optical Properties 324

7.4.1 Electrical Properties of (Ga,Mn)As 324

7.4.2 Magneto-Optical Properties 331

7.5 The sp-d Exchange Interaction 332

7.6 The p-d Zener Model of Ferromagnetism 334

7.7 Properties Revealed by Device Structures 335

7.7.1 Electrical Spin Injection into Nonmagnetic Semiconductors 335

7.7.2 TMR and Current-Induced Magnetization Switching 336

7.7.3 Current-Induced DW Motion 339

7.7.4 Control of Magnetism and Magnetization Reversal by External Means 342

7.8 Prospects 345.

ISBN:

9780444632791

0444632794

OCLC:

857524328