Microclimate for cultural heritage : conservation and restoration of indoor and outdoor monuments / D. Camuffo.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Camuffo, Dario, author.

Contributor:

ScienceDirect (Online service)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Microclimatology.

Monuments--Conservation and restoration.

Monuments.

Art--Conservation and restoration.

Art.

Genre:

Electronic books.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam : Elsevier Science, 2013.

System Details:

Mode of access: World Wide Web.

text file

Summary:

Microclimate for Cultural Heritage: Conservation and Restoration of Indoor and Outdoor Monuments, Second Edition, is a cutting-edge, theoretical, and practical handbook concerning microclimate, environmental factors, and conservation of cultural heritage. Although the focus is on cultural heritage objects, most of the theory and instrumental methodologies are common to other fields of application, such as atmospheric and environmental sciences. Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, Second Edition, is a useful treatise on microphysics and a practical handbook for conservators and specialists in physics, chemistry, architecture, engineering, geology, and biology who work in the multidisciplinary field of the environment, and, in particular, in the conservation of works of art. Part I, devoted to applied theory, is a concise treatise on microphysics, which includes a survey on the basic ideas of environmental diagnosis and conservation. The second part of the book focuses on practical utilization, and shows in detail how field surveys should be performed, with many suggestions and examples, as well as some common errors to avoid. Presents updated scientific and technological findings based on the novel European standards on microclimate and cultural heritageIncludes the latest information on experimental research on environmental factors and their impact on materials, such as the behavior of water and its interactions with cultural heritage materialsContains case studies of outdoor and indoor microclimate conditions and their effects, providing ideas for readers facing similar problems caused by heat, water, radiation, pollution, or air motionsCovers instruments and methods for practical applications to help readers understand, to observe and interpret observations, and avoid errors.

Contents:

I Atmospheric Physics Applied to Microclimate Analysis and Conservation

1 Microclimate, Air and Temperature 3

1.1 Microclimate 3

1.2 Air, Water Vapour, Perfect and Real Gases 8

1.3 Temperature 11

1.4 Mechanisms of Temperature Degradation 12

1.5 Temperature in a Building, a Room 20

1.6 Temperature in a Showcase 27

1.7 Is it Possible to Combine People Comfort, Conservation Needs and Sustainability? 31

1.8 Monitoring Air Temperature to Study Air-Surface Interactions and for Environmental Diagnostics 38

References 45

2A Theoretical Grounds for Humidity 49

2A.1 Partial Pressure of Water Vapour 49

2A.2 Derivation of the Latent Heat 51

2A.3 Mixing Ratio of Water Vapour and Dry Air 55

2A.4 Specific Humidity 57

2A.5 Absolute Humidity 58

2A.6 Relative Humidity 60

2A.7 Dew Point: The Temperature of Condensation 64

2A.8 Frost Point: The Temperature of Freezing 66

2A.9 Wet Bulb Temperature: The Temperature of Evaporation 67

2A.10 The Psychrometric Chart 71

References 75

2B Humidity and Conservation 77

2B.1 Air-Surface Interactions and Environmental Diagnostics 78

2B.2 The Equilibrium Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes in Wood 81

2B.3 Mechanisms of Humidity Degradation in Paper and Parchment 89

2B.4 Biological Habitat 95

2B.5 Metals, Pipe Organs and Other Materials 97

2B.6 What is the Best Microclimate for Conservation? The European Standard EN15757:2010 103

2B.7 Keeping Constant Relative Humidity in Rooms and Showcases 108

2B.8 Condensation on Cold Surfaces 113

References 115

3 Parameters to Describe Air Masses and Vertical Motions 119

3.1 Equivalent Temperature 120

3.2 Adiabatic Gradients in Troposphere 122

3.3 Potential Temperature 124

3.4 Equivalent-Potential Temperature 127

3.5 Virtual Temperature 128

References 129

Further Reading 130

4 Radiation and Light 131

4.1 The Emission of Radiation from Bodies and the Effects of the Absorbed Energy 131

4.2 Radiometric Temperature 134

4.3 Angular Distribution of Radiant Emission of Bodies 136

4.4 Attenuation of Light in the Atmosphere 137

4.5 Daily and Seasonal Cycles of Solar Radiation on a Surface 138

4.6 What is the Colour of Natural Light? 143

4.7 Exhibition Lighting and Electric Light Sources 144

4.8 Optical Filters and Optical Fibres 151

4.9 Deterioration of Works of Art Caused by Light 158

References 164

Further Reading 164

5 Physics of Drop Formation and Micropore Condensation 165

5.1 How a Curved Water Meniscus Changes the Equilibrium Vapour Tension 165

5.2 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation for Droplet Formation and Micropore Condensation 169

5.3 The Formation of Droplets in the Atmosphere: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation 176

5.4 Bubbles 181

5.5 Micropore Condensation and Stone Weathering 182

5.6 Adsorption Isotherms 191

5.7 Freezing-Thawing Cycles 195

References 200

6 Atmospheric Water and Stone Weathering 203

6.1 Acid Rain, Rainfall and Crusts 203

6.2 Mechanisms of Penetration of Rainwater and Evaporation 216

6.3 Evaporation from a Damp Monument 218

6.4 Capillary Suction 219

6.5 The Equilibrium Vapour Tension over a Solution 225

6.6 Climate Cycles, Sea Spray and Salt Damage 226

6.7 Some Common Errors that Should Be Avoided 232

References 241

7 Atmospheric Stability and Pollutant Dispersion 245

7.1 Introduction 246

7.2 Vertical Temperature Gradients and Plume Behaviour 248

7.3 Effects Due to Topographic Horizontal Inhomogeneity 255

7.4 Urban Climate: Heat Island and Aerodynamic Disturbance 256

7.5 Dispersion and Transportation of Pollutants in a City 258

7.6 Wind Friction Near a Surface 260

7.7 Vertical Fluxes of Heat, Moisture and Momentum 262

7.8 Heat Balance at the Soil or the Monument Surface 264

7.9 Main Parameters Used in Measuring Atmospheric Stability and Turbulence 268

7.10 Plume Dispersion 274

7.11 Stability Classes to Evaluate Atmospheric Stability 275

References 280

8 Dry Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter: Mechanisms and Effects 283

8.1 Introduction 284

8.2 Random Walk and Brownian Diffusivity 287

8.3 Brownian Deposition 291

8.4 Thermophoresis 293

8.5 Diffusiophoresis 297

8.6 Stefan Flow 299

8.7 Gravitational Settling 302

8.8 Electrophoresis 306

8.9 Photophoresis 308

8.10 Aerodynamic Deposition: Inertial Impaction and Interception 309

8.11 Adhesion of Particles to Paintings or Other Surfaces 316

8.12 Vertical Distribution of Particles in Still Air and their Resuspension by Turbulence 318

8.13 How Soiling Develops 321

8.14 What is the Most Appropriate Heating and Air Conditioning System to Avoid Soiling? 325

8.15 Inappropriate Positioning of Paintings 333

8.16 Uplifting of Giant Particles and Wind Erosion 335

8.17 Kinetic Energy and Sand Blasting 343

References 344

9 Consequences of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 347

9.1 The Maxwell-Boltzmann Equation and the Distribution of Molecules by Velocities 348

9.2 Thermal Emission of Bodies 351

9.3 The Arrhenius Equation 352

9.4 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour in Air 353

9.5 Relative Humidity and Mutual Distance between H₂O Molecules 354

9.6 The Liquid State and the Free H₂O Molecules in it 355

9.7 The Raoult Law for Ideal Solutions 358

9.8 Ebullition and Freezing 359

9.9 An Additional Aspect of Relative Humidity 360

9.10 The Three Classes of Water Vapour 360

9.11 Conclusions 364

References 364

II Performing Microclimate Field Surveys

10 Introduction to Field Measurements 369

10.1 Weather Stations and Observations for Monument Conservation 369

10.2 Statistical Representation of the Data 374

10.3 Frequency of Observation 376

10.4 Length of Observation Period 378

10.5 Response Time of a Sensor 379

10.6 Drawing Air Temperature and Other Isolines 387

References 393

11 Measuring Temperature 395

11.1 Measuring Air Temperature 396

11.2 Measuring Artwork Surface Temperature According to EN 15758: 2010 413

References 431

12 Measuring Humidity 433

12.1 Measuring Air Humidity According to EN16242: 2012 434

12.2 Hygrometers 435

12.3 Calibrating Hygrometers 447

12.4 Measuring Heat and Moisture Exchanges between Air and Monuments 449

12.5 Measuring Moisture Content 454

12.6 Measuring Time of Wetness 464

References 466

13 Measuring Wind and Indoor Air Motions 471

13.1 Measuring Wind Speed and Direction 471

13.2 Measuring Indoor Air Motions 481

References 489

14 Measuring Rainfall and Wind-Borne Droplets 493

14.1 Precipitation Measurements 494

14.2 Precipitation on Monuments 498

14.3 Wet and Dry Deposition Samplers 501

References 503.

Notes:

Includes index.

Description based on print version record.

OCLC:

861797127

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.