The law and regulation of international space communication / Rita Lauria White and Harold M. White, Jr.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lauria, Rita.

Contributor:

White, Harold M., 1949-

Series:

Artech House telecommunications library

Artech House telecommunications library.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

International Telecommunication Union.

Artificial satellites in telecommunication--Law and legislation.

Artificial satellites in telecommunication.

Space law.

Physical Description:

xxviii, 309 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Boston : Artech, [1987]

Contents:

Introduction: The Impact of Space Communication on International Telecommunication Law and Policy xvii

Part I Background Information: Historical and Technical 1

Chapter 1 Radio and the Geostationary Satellite Orbit: the Rationale for Regulation 3

1.2 The Nature of Radio 4

1.3 Radio and the Principle of Harmful Interference 5

1.4 The Geostationary Orbit 9

1.5 The Issue of Orbital Crowding 10

1.6 Collision Probabilities in the GSO 11

1.7 Area of Visibility, Service Area, and Coverage Area 13

1.8 Frequency Congestion 14

1.9 Technologies and Techniques for More Effective Use of the GSO 16

1.9.1 Signal Polarization 16

1.9.2 Reverse Bandworking 16

1.9.3 Advanced Antenna Design 17

1.9.4 Orbit Sectorization 18

1.9.5 Spectrum Segmentation 19

1.9.6 Development of New Services 19

1.9.7 Intersatellite Links 19

1.9.8 Multiple-Access Techniques 20

1.9.9 Use of Higher Frequencies 21

1.9.10 Space Platforms and Multipurpose Satellites 22

1.9.11 Regulatory Techniques 22

Chapter 2 The International Telecommunication Union and the Regulation of Radio: Origins and Evolution 29

2.2 The International Telegraph Union 30

2.2.1 The 1865 Paris Telegraph Conference 30

2.2.2 The 1868 Vienna Telegraph Conference 31

2.2.3 The 1871 Rome Telegraph Conference 31

2.2.4 The 1875 St. Petersburg Telegraph Conference 32

2.2.5 The 1885 Berlin Telegraph Conference 33

2.3 The 1903 Berlin Preliminary Radio Conference 33

2.4 The International Radiotelegraph Union 35

2.4.1 The 1906 Berlin Radiotelegraph Conference 35

2.4.2 The 1912 London Radiotelegraph Conference 36

2.5 Post-World War I Non-Union Meetings 39

2.5.1 The Radio Protocol of 1919 40

2.5.2 The 1920 Washington Preliminary Conference 40

2.5.3 The 1921 Paris Technical Committee 43

2.6 The 1927 Washington Radiotelegraph Conference 44

2.7 The International Telecommunication Union 46

2.7.1 The 1932 Madrid Conferences 46

2.7.2 The World War II Period 49

2.7.3 The 1947 Atlantic City Conferences 50

Part II Structure of the Space Communication Law-Making Process in the International Telecommunication Union 63

Chapter 3 The Law-Making Conferences of the International Telecommunication Union and Space Communication 65

3.1.1 Purposes of the Union 65

3.1.2 Structure of the Union 67

3.2 The Plenipotentiary Conference 67

3.2.1 The International Telecommunication Convention 69

3.2.1.1 Structure of the Convention 69

3.2.1.2 Major Provisions of the Convention 70

3.2.2 Structure and Procedure of the Plenipotentiary Conference 71

3.3 Administrative Support for Union Conferences 72

3.3.1 The General Secretariat 72

3.3.2 The Administrative Council 73

3.3.3 The Coordination Committee 75

3.4 Administrative Conferences 75

3.4.1 Structure and Procedure of Administrative Conferences 76

3.4.2 The International Radio Regulations 78

Chapter 4 Judicial and Advisory Organs of the International Telecommunication Union and Space Communication 85

4.2 The International Frequency Registration Board 86

4.2.1 Evolution of the Board 87

4.2.2 Creation of the Board 88

4.2.3 Legal Foundations of the Board 89

4.2.4 The Master International Frequency Register 92

4.2.5 Structure and Function of the Board 96

4.3 The International Radio Consultative Committee 98

4.3.1 Establishment of the Committee 99

4.3.2 Structure and Function of the Committee 99

4.3.3 Space Radiocommunication and the Committee 101

4.3.4 Challenges Facing the Committee 103

Part III The Space Conferences 107

Chapter 5 Itu Conferences: 1959-1965

Legal Framework for Space Communication Established 109

5.1.1 Scientific Cooperation Advances International Law 110

5.1.2 Sputnik Challenges International Law 112

5.2 The 1959 World Administrative Radio Conference 113

5.2.1 Early Space Communication Regulation Established 114

5.2.2 The 1959 Space Communication Provisions Inadequate 115

5.3 The 1959 Geneva Plenipotentiary Conference 115

5.4 The 1963 Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference to Allocate Frequency Bands for Space Radiocommunication Purposes 116

5.4.1 Events Leading Up to the 1963 Space Conference 117

5.4.2 Legal Principles Enacted at the Space Conference 119

5.4.2.1 Full and Equal Legal Status for Space Services 119

5.4.2.2 Equitable Access to Space Communication 120

5.4.3 Foundations of the Regulatory Regime for Space Communication 121

5.4.3.1 New Space Services Defined 122

5.4.3.2 Coordination Procedure Established 122

5.4.3.3 Coordination of Earth Stations 124

5.4.3.4 Coordination of Satellite Systems 126

5.4.4 Preparation for the 1971 Space Telecommunications Conference 128

5.5 The 1965 Montreux Plenipotentiary Conference 129

5.5.1 General Provisions Amended 129

5.5.2 Resolutions, Recommendations, and Opinions 130

Chapter 6 ITU Conferences: 1971-1977

Legal Principles for Space Communication Extended 137

6.2 The 1971 World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications 138

6.2.1 New Services Defined and Frequencies Allocated for Their Use 139

6.2.2 Revision of Coordination, Notification, and Registration Procedures 144

6.2.3 Resolution Spa 2-1 and Recommendation Spa 2-1 148

6.2.4 The Issue of DBS: Resolutions Spa 2-2 and Spa 2-3 149

6.2.5 Revision of Article 7 of the Radio Regulations to Accommodate DBS 151

6.2.6 Overview of the Space Telecommunications Conference 152

6.3 The 1973 Malaga-Torremolinos Plenipotentiary Conference 152

6.3.1 General Provisions Amended 152

6.3.2 Resolutions, Recommendations, and Opinions 154

6.4 The 1977 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service 156

6.4.1 Agenda of the Conference 157

6.4.2 The Broadcasting-Satellite Plan 159

6.4.3 Planning for the Americas Deferred 161

6.4.4 Coordination, Notification and Registration of Frequency Assignments 162

6.4.5 Efficiency Sacrificed for Equity 164

Chapter 7 ITU Conferences: 1979-1983

from Principle to Practice 171

7.2 The 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference 173

7.2.1 Preparation for the Conference 175

7.2.2 Revision of the Radio Regulations 176

7.2.2.1 The 12 GHz Band: Interim Arc Segmentation Plan for Region 2 Replaced by Frequency Segmentation Plan 177

7.2.2.2 Planning of the Feeder Links for the Broadcasting-Satellite Service 179

7.2.2.3 The Fixed-Satellite Service 180

7.2.3 Planning of the Space Services 183

7.2.3.1 Resolution 2 183

7.2.3.2 Resolution 3 183

7.2.3.3 Working Group Six Ad-Hoc Two 184

7.2.3.4 Resolution 3: Call for a Spectrum-Orbit Planning Conference 185

7.2.4 From Technical to Political Forum 186

7.3 The 1982 Nairobi Plenipotentiary Conference 188

7.3.1 General Provisions Amended 188

7.3.2 Resolutions, Recommendations, and Opinions 191

7.4 The 1983 Regional Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service 192

Chapter 8 The 1985 Space Conference

to "Guarantee in Practice" Equitable Access to Space Communication 201

8.2 The 1985 World Administrative Radio Conference on the Use of the Geostationary-Satellite Orbit and the Planning of the Space Services Utilizing It 202

8.2.1 Agenda of the Conference 203

8.2.2 Preparation for the Conference 204

8.2.3 Conference Results 205

8.2.3.1 The Arc Allotment Plan 207

8.2.3.2 Regulatory Procedures 209

8.2.3.3 Planning by Improved Procedures 211

8.2.3.4 Planning Principles 213

8.2.3.5 Provisions for Multiadministration Systems and the Issue of International Systems Separate from INTELSAT 216

8.2.3.6 Incorporation into the Radio Regulations of the 1983 Direct Broadcast Satellite Plan for Region 2 221

8.2.3.7 Planning of the Feeder Links for the 12 GHz Broadcasting-Satellite Service in Regions 1 and 3 221

8.2.3.8 Recommendation Plen/B Relating to High Definition Television in the Broadcasting-Satellite Service 222

8.2.3.9 Recommendation Plen/C Relating to Satellite Sound Broadcasting Systems for Individual Reception by Portable and Automobile Receivers 222

8.2.3.10 Recommendation Plen/A: Draft Agenda for the Second Session of the Conference 223

8.2.4 Intersessional Studies 225

8.2.4.1 Intersessional Duties of the International Frequency Registration Board 225

8.2.4.2 Intersessional Duties of the International Radio Consultative Committee 226

Part IV Special Space Communication Topics 233

Chapter 9 Direct Broadcast Satellites and the Evolution in the United Nations of International Space Law 235

9.2 The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 236

9.3 The United Nations and the International Telecommunication Union 237

9.3.1 The 1963 UN Space Law Declaration 240

9.3.2 Initial Consideration of Direct Broadcast Satellites 241

9.4 The 1967 UN Treaty on Outer Space 241

9.5 The Issue of Direct Broadcast Satellites 243

9.5.1 Approaches to Direct Broadcast 246

9.5.2 The Legal Impasse Surrounding Direct Broadcast 248

Conclusion: Space Communication

Toward Cultural and Legal Convergence in the Global Village 255.

Notes:

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

0890062749

OCLC:

173669225