Polymer composites with carbonaceous nanofillers : properties and applications / Sie Chin Tjong.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Tjong, Sie Chin.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Polymeric composites.

Nanocomposites (Materials).

Carbon composites.

Nanotechnology.

Physical Description:

xv, 388 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, [2012]

Summary:

Written by an expert in the field of nanomaterials, composites, and polymers, this book provides up-to-date information on recent advances in various aspects of polymer composites reinforced by carbonaceous nanofillers, including their fabrication and their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It also extensively covers applications of these nanocomposites in fuel cells, sensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, human implants and scaffolds.

From the Contents:

Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites

Thermal Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

Carbonaceous Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications

Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

Polymer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensor Applications Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 1

1.1.1 Graphite Intercalation Compound 3

1.1.2 Graphene Oxide 4

1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 10

1.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 11

1.2.1.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 11

1.2.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 13

1.2.2 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes 19

1.2.2.1 Chemical Techniques 19

1.2.2.2 Physical Techniques 21

1.2.3 Characterization of Purified Carbon Nanotubes 23

1.3 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) 28

1.4 Physical Properties of Graphene 30

1.4.1 Mechanical Behavior 30

1.4.2 Electrical Behavior 31

1.4.3 Thermal Behavior 32

1.5 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 35

1.5.1 Mechanical Behavior 35

1.5.1.1 Theoretical Prediction 35

1.5.1.2 Experimental Measurement 36

1.5.1.3 Flexibility of Carbon Nanotubes 37

1.5.2 Electrical Behavior 38

1.5.3 Thermal Behavior 39

1.6 Properties of Carbon Nanofibers 40

1.7 Current Availability of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 41

1.8 Multifunctional Composite Materials 41

1.8.1 Composites with Carbon Black Nanoparticles 44

1.8.2 Composites with Graphene Oxide and Graphite Nanoplatelet Fillers 45

1.8.3 Composites with Carbon Nanotubes 46

Nomenclature 46

References 46

2 Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites 53

2.1 Overview 53

2.2 Dispersion of Nanofillers 54

2.2.1 Surface Modification of Graphene Oxide 54

2.2.2 Surface Modification of Graphene Nanoplatelet and Expanded Graphite 58

2.2.3 Functionalization of CNTs and CNFs 59

2.2.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 60

2.2.3.2 NonCovalent Functionalization 62

2.3 Solution Mixing 66

2.3.1 Nanocomposites with Graphene-Like Fillers 67

2.3.2 Nanocomposites with EG and GNP Fillers 68

2.3.3 Nanocomposites with CNT and CNF Fillers 76

2.4 Melt Mixing 78

2.4.1 Nanocomposites with Graphene-Like Fillers 78

2.4.2 Nanocomposites with EG and GNP Fillers 80

2.4.3 Nanocomposites with CNT and CNF Fillers 81

2.5 In situ Polymerization 84

2.5.1 Nanocomposites with Graphene-Like Fillers 84

2.5.2 Nanocomposites with EG and GNP Fillers 89

2.5.3 Nanocomposites with CNT and CNF Fillers 91

2.6 Patent Processes 98

References 98

3 Thermal Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 103

3.1 Crystallization 103

3.2 Characterization Techniques for Crystallization 104

3.2.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 104

3.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 105

3.2.3 Nanocomposites with Graphene Nanofillers 107

3.2.4 Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes 111

3.3 Thermal Stability 120

3.3.1 Thermogravimetry Analysis 121

3.3.2 Linear Thermal Expansion 124

3.3.3 Heat Deflection Temperature 125

3.4 Thermal Conductivity 127

3.4.1 Composites with CNTs 127

3.4.1.1 Thermal Interface Resistance 127

3.4.1.2 Dispersion and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 130

3.4.2 Composites with GNP and Graphene Nanofillers 133

Nomenclature 139

References 139

4 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 143

4.1 Background 143

4.2 General Mechanical Behavior 144

4.3 Fracture Toughness 146

4.4 Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms 148

4.4.1 Interfacial Shear Stress 148

4.4.2 Interfacial Interaction 150

4.4.3 Micromechanical Modeling 151

4.4.4 Toughening Mechanism 152

4.5 Nanocomposites with Graphene Fillers 153

4.5.1 Thermoplastic Matrix 153

4.5.2 Thermosetting Matrix 163

4.5.3 Elastomeric Matrix 168

4.6 Nanocomposites with EG and GNP Fillers 169

4.7 Nanocomposites with CNT and CNF Fillers 172

4.7.1 Thermoplastic Matrix 172

4.7.2 Thermosetting Matrix 180

4.8 Composites with Hybrid Fillers 186

Nomenclature 189

References 190

5 Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 193

5.1 Background 193

5.2 Percolation Concentration 193

5.2.1 Theoretical Modeling 193

5.2.2 Excluded Volume 196

5.3 Electrical Conductivity and Permittivity 197

5.3.1 Graphene-Filled Polymer Composites 201

5.3.1.1 Thermoplastic Matrices 201

5.3.1.2 Thermosetting Matrices 207

5.3.1.3 Elastomeric Matrices 208

5.3.2 EG- and GNP-Filled Polymers 210

5.3.3.1 Thermoplastic Matrices 210

5.3.2.2 Thermosetting Matrices 213

5.3.3 CNT- and CNF-Filled Polymer Composites 213

5.3.3.1 Thermoplastic Matrices 213

5.3.3.2 Thermosetting Matrices 222

5.3.3.3 Elastomeric Matrices 228

5.4 Current-Voltage Relationship 229

5.5 Positive Temperature Coefficient Effect 234

5.6 Hybrid Nanocomposites 238

References 243

6 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications 247

6.1 Overview 247

6.2 Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 248

6.3 Conventional Bipolar Plates 249

6.4 Polymer Nanocomposite Bipolar Plates 252

6.4.1 CNT-Filled Composite Plates 252

6.4.2 Graphene-Sheet-Filled Composite Plates 254

6.5 Electrical Characteristics of Nanocomposite Bipolar Plates 259

6.5.1 Polymer/Graphite/CNT Hybrid Plates 259

6.5.2 Polymer/EG and Polymer/GNP Composite Plates 262

6.5.3 Polymer/CB Composite Plates 264

6.5.4 Fuel Cell Performance 266

6.5.4.1 Voltage Loss 266

6.5.4.2 Polarization Curves 267

6.6 Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Bipolar Plates 269

6.6.1 Hybrid Composite Bipolar Plates 269

6.6.2 Polymer/EG Composites 272

6.7 Electrocatalyst Supports 274

6.7.1 Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Platinum Electrocatalysts 274

6.7.2 Graphene-Supported Platinum Electrocatalysts 279

Nomenclature 282

References 282

7 Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 285

7.1 Overview 285

7.2 Bone Implants 286

7.3 Biocompatibility of Carbon Nanotubes 290

7.3.1 Potential Health Hazards 290

7.3.2 Cell Viability Assays 296

7.3.3 Tissue Cell Responses 301

7.4 CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites for Load-Bearing Implants 306

7.4.1 Mechanical Properties 307

7.4.1.1 MWNT/PE Nanocomposites 307

7.4.1.2 MWNT/PEEK Nanocomposites 310

7.5 CNT/Polymer Nanocomposite Scaffolds 310

7.5.1 Types and Structures of Scaffolds 311

7.5.2 Electrospinning: Principle and Applications 312

7.6 Nervous System Remedial Applications 320

7.7 Biocompatibility of Graphene Oxide and Its Nanocomposites 323

References 326

8 Polymer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding 331

8.1 Introduction 331

8.2 EMI Shielding Efficiency 332

8.3 Nanocomposites with Graphene Fillers 335

8.4 Nanocomposites with GNPs 335

8.5 Nanocomposites with CNTs and CNFs 338

8.6 Foamed Nanocomposites for EMI Applications 343

8.6.1 CNT/Polymer Foamed Nanocomposites 343

8.6.2 Graphene/Polymer Foamed Nanocomposites 347

Nomenclature 349

References 349

9 Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensor Applications 351

9.1 Introduction 351

9.2 Pressure/Strain Sensors 352

9.2.1 Piezoresistivity 352

9.2.2 Nanocomposites with GNPs 355

9.2.3 Nanocomposites with CNTs 356

9.3 Gas and Humidity Sensors 359

9.3.1 Gas Sensitivity 359

9.4 Organic Vapor Sensors 361

9.4.1 Nanocomposites with CBs 361

9.4.1.1 Nanocomposites with CNTs and CNFs 364

9.4.2 Humidity Sensors 371

9.4.2.1 Graphene Oxide Sensors 372

9.4.2.2 Nanocomposite Sensors with CNT Fillers 375

Nomenclature 377

References 377.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9783527410804

3527410805

OCLC:

812066371