Security, territory, population : lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78 / Michel Foucault ; edited by Michel Senellart ; general editors, François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana ; translated by Graham Burchell.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Foucault, Michel, 1926-1984

Contributor:

Senellart, Michel.

Ewald, François.

Fontana, Alessandro.

Standardized Title:

Sécurité, territoire, population. English

Language:

English

French

Subjects (All):

Reason of state.

Power (Social sciences).

State, The.

Political science--Philosophy.

Political science.

Physical Description:

xvii, 417 pages ; 23 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : Picador/Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

Language Note:

Translated from the French.

Contents:

1 11 January 1978

General perspective of the lectures: the study of bio-power

Five proposals on the analysis of mechanisms of power

Legal system, disciplinary mechanisms, and security apparatuses ( dipositifs )

Two examples

a The punishment of theft

b The treatment of leprosy, plague, and smallpox

General features of security apparatuses( 1 ): the spaces of security

The example of the town

Three examples of planning urban space in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

a Alexandre Le Maître's La Métropolitée ( 1682 )

b Richelieu

c Nantes

2 18 January 1978

General features of apparatuses of security ( II ): relationship to the event: the art of governing and treatment of the uncertain ( l'aléatoire )

The problem of scarcity ( la disette ) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

From the mercantilists to the physiocrats

Differences between apparatuses of security and disciplinary mechanisms in ways of dealing with the event

The new governmental rationality and the emergence of "population."

Conclusion on liberalism: liberty as ideology and technique of government

3 25 January 1978

General features of apparatuses of security ( III )

Normation ( normation ) and normalization

The example of the epidemic ( smallpox ) and inoculation campaigns in the eighteenth century

The emergence of new notions: case, risk, danger, and crisis

The forms of normalization in discipline and in mechanisms of security

Deployment of a new political technology: the government of populations

The problem of population in the mercantilists and the physiocrats

The population as operator ( operateur ) of transformations in domains of knowledge: from the analysis of wealth to political economy, from natural history to biology, from general grammar to historical philology

4 1 February 1978

The problem of "government in the sixteenth century

Multiplicity of practices of government ( government of self, government of souls, government of children, etcetera )

The specific problem of the government of the state

The point of repulsion of the literature on government: Machiavelli's The Prince

Brief history of the reception of The Prince until the nineteenth century

The art of government distinct from the Prince's simple artfulness

Example of this new art of government: Guillaume de la Perrière Le Miroir politique ( 1555 )

A government that finds its end in the "things" to be directed

Decline of law to the advantage of a variety of tactics

The historical and institutional obstacles to the implementation of this art of government until the eighteenth century

The problem of population an essential factor in unblocking the art of government

The triangle formed by government, population, and political economy

Questions of method: the project of a history of "governmentality." Overvaluation of the problem of the state

5 8 February 1978

Why study governmentality?

The problem of the state and population

Reminder of the general project: triple displacement of the analysis in relation to ( a ) the institution, ( b ) the function, and ( c ) the object

The stake of this year's lectures

Elements for a history of "government." Its semantic field from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century

The idea of the government of men. Its sources

A The organization of a pastoral power in the pre-Christian and Christian East

B Spiritual direction ( direction de conscience )

First outline of the pastorate. Its specific features

a It is exercised over a multiplicity on the move

b It is a fundamentally beneficent power with salvation of the flocks as its objective

c It is a power which individualizes. Omnes et singulatim. The paradox of the shepherd ( berger )

The institutionalization of the pastorate by the Christian Church

6 15 February 1978

Analysis of the pastorate ( continuation )

The problem of the shepherd-flock relationship in Greek literature and thought: Homer, the Pythagorean tradition. Rareness of the shepherd metaphor in classical political literature ( Isocrates, Demosthenes )

A major exception: Plato's The Statesman

The use of the metaphor in other Plato texts ( Critias, Laws, The Republic )

The critique of the idea of a magistrate-shepherd in The Statesman

The pastoral metaphor applied to the doctor, farmer, gymnast, and teacher

The history of the pastorate in the West, as a model of the government of men, in inseparable from Christianity

Its transformations and crises up to the eighteenth century

Need for a history of the pastorate

Characteristics of the "government of souls" : encompassing power coextensive with the organization of the Church and distinct from political power

The problem of the relationships between political power and pastoral power in the West. Comparison with the Russian tradition

7 22 February 1978Analysis of the pastorate ( end )

Specificity of the Christian pastorate in comparison with Eastern and Hebraic traditions

An art of governing men. Its role in the history of governmentality

Main features of the Christian pastorate from the third to the sixth century ( Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, Gregory the Great, Cassian, Saint Benedict )

1 The relationship to salvation

An economy of merits and faults

a The principle of analytical responsibility

b The principle of exhaustive and instantaneous transfer

c The principle of sacrificial reversal

d The principle of alternate correspondence

2 The relationship to the law: institution of a relationship of complete subordination of the sheep to the person who directs them

An individual and non-finalized relationship

Difference between Greek and Christian apatheia

3 The relationship to the truth; the production of hidden truths

Pastoral teaching and spiritual direction

Conclusion: an absolutely new form of power that marks the appearance of specific modes of individualization

Its decisive importance for the history of the subject

8 1 March 1978

The notion of "conduct."

The crisis of the pastorate

Revolts of conduct in the field of the pastorate

The shift of forms of resistance to the borders of political institutions in the modern age: examples of the army, secret societies, and medicine

Problem of vocabulary: "Revolts of conduct," "insubordination" ( insoumission )," "dissidence," and "counter-conduct." Pastoral counter-conducts

Historical reminder

a Asceticism

b Communities

c Mysticism

d Scripture

e Eschatological beliefs

Conclusion: what is at stake in the reference to the notion of "pastoral power" for an analysis of the modes of exercise of power in general

9 8 March 1978

From the pastoral of souls to the political government of men

General context of this transformation: the crisis of the pastorate and the insurrections of conduct in the sixteenth century

The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation

Other factors

Two notable phenomena; the intensification of the religious pastorate and the increasing question of conduct, on both private and public levels

Governmental reason specific to the exercise of sovereignty

Comparison with Saint Thomas

Break-up of the cosmological-theological continuum

The question of the art of governing

Comment on the problem of intelligibility in history

Raison d'État ( 1 ): newness and object of scandal

Three focal points of the polemical debate around raison d'État: Machiavelli, "politics" ( la "politique" ), and the "state."

10 15 March 1978

Raison d'État ( II ): its definition and principal characteristics in the seventeenth century

The new model of historical temporality entailed by raison d'État

Specific features of raison d'État with regard to pastoral government

1 The problem of salvation: the theory of coup d'État ( Naudé ). Necessity, violence, theatricality

2 The problem of obedience. Bacon: the question of sedition. Differences between Bacon and Machiavelli

3 The problem of truth: from the wisdom of the prince to knowledge of the state. Birth of statistics.

The problem of the secret

The reflexive prism in which the problem of the state appeared

Presence-absence of "population" in this new problematic

11 22 March 1978Raison d'État ( III )

The state as principle of intelligibility and as objective

The functioning of this governmental reason

A In theoretical texts

The theory of the preservation of the state

B In political practice. Competition between states

The Treaty of Westphalia and the end of the Roman Empire

Force, a new element of political reason

Politics and the dynamic of forces

The first technological ensemble typical of this new art of government: the diplomatic-military system

Its objective: the search for a European balance

What is Europe? The idea of "balance."

Its instruments

1 War

2 Diplomacy

3 The installation of a permanent military apparatus (dispositif)

12 29 March 1978

The second technological assemblage characteristic of the new art of government according to raison d'État: police. Traditional meanings of the word up to the sixteenth century. Its new sense in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: calculation and technique making possible the good sue of the state's forces

The triple relationship between the system of European balance and police

Diversity of Italian, German, and French situations

Turquet de Mayerne, La Monarchie aristodémocratique

The control of human activity as constitutive element of the force of the state

Objects of police

1 The number of citizens

2 The necessities of life

3 Health

4 Occupations

5 The coexistence and circulation of men

Police as the art of managing life and the well-being of populations

13 5 April 1978

Police ( continuation )

Delamare

The town as site for the development of police. Police and urban regulation. Urbanization of the territory. Relationship between police and the mercantilist problematic

Emergence of the market town

Methods of police. Difference between police and justice. An essentially regulatory type of power. Regulation and discipline

Return to the problem of grain

Criticism of the police state on the basis of the problem of scarcity

The theses of the économistes

The transformations of raison d'État

1 The naturalness of society

2 New relationships between power and knowledge

3 Taking charge of the population ( public hygiene, demography, etc. )

4 New forms of state intervention

5 The status of liberty

Elements of the new art of government: economic practice, management of the population, law and respect for liberties, police with a repressive function

Different forms of counter-conduct relative to this governmentality

General conclusion.

Notes:

Translation of: Sécurité, territoire, population.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

0312203608

9780312203603

OCLC:

234439871

Publisher Number:

99951107734