Gravity, special relativity, and the strong force : a Bohr-Einstein-de Broglie model for the formation of hadrons / Constantinos G. Vayenas, Stamatios N.-A. Souentie.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Vayenas, C. G. (Costas G.)

Contributor:

Souentie, Stamatios N.-A.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Field theory (Physics).

Gravitation.

Relativity (Physics).

Physical Description:

xviii, 144 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : Springer, [2012]

Summary:

This book shows that the strong interaction forces, which keep hadrons and nuclei together, are relativistic gravitational forces exerted between very small particles in the mass range of neutrinos. First, this book considers the problematic motion of two charged particles under the influence of electrostatic and gravitational forces only, which shows that bound states are formed by following the same semi-classical methodology used by Bohr to describe the H atom. This approach is also coupled with Newton's gravitational law and with Einstein's special relativity.

The results agree with experiments in the masses and magnetic moments of hadrons and the binding energies of small nuclei. The analysis of these experiments provide the means to rationalize all the main experimental features of the strong force. Some of the implications for the unification of forces and the nature of our words, of hadrons macro-cosmos are also discussed. The creation of mass itself, on other words, of hadrons from particles as lights as neutrinos, can now be modeled in a straightforward manner. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 1905-1930: The Golden Age of Physics 1

1.1 The Three Major Breakthroughs 1

1.2 Open Problems 1

1.3 A Common Starting Point for Natural Scientists: The Bohr Model for the H Atom 4

1.4 Deterministic and Probabilistic Models 7

1.5 Newton's Gravitational Law, Special Relativity, and the Equivalence Principle 8

1.6 Relativistic Rotating Particle Models for Hadrons 9

1.7 Synopsis 12

References 12

2 Mass, Special Relativity and the Equivalence Principle 15

2.1 The Concept of Mass 15

2.2 The Equivalence Principle 16

2.3 Rest, Relativistic, Inertial, and Gravitational Mass in Special Relativity: Some Questions 17

2.4 Newton's Gravitational Law, Velocity and General Relativity 18

2.5 Quantum Gravity 20

2.6 Synopsis 21

References 22

3 The Strong Force: From Quarks to Hadrons and Nuclei 23

3.1 The Strong Force 23

3.1.1 Classical and Quantized Fields 23

3.1.2 The Mediation Mechanism 24

3.1.3 History and the Postulate of Color Charge 24

3.1.4 Properties of the Strong Force 25

3.1.5 The Residual Strong Force 25

3.1.6 Quantum Chromodynamics 27

3.2 Synopsis 28

References 28

4 The World of Particles and the Standard Model 31

4.1 Elementary Particles 31

4.1.1 History 31

4.1.2 The Standard Model of Elementary Particles 33

4.2 Leptons 36

4.2.1 Charged Leptons 36

4.2.2 Neutrinos 36

4.3 Hadrons 42

4.3.1 The Standard Model Taxonomy of Hadrons 45

4.3.2 Hadron Masses 45

4.3.3 Hadron Angular Momenta 46

4.4 Synopsis 48

References 48

5 The Equivalence Principle, Special Relativity, and Newton's Gravitational Law 51

5.1 The Weak Equivalence Principle 51

5.2 Special Relativity 53

5.2.1 Implications of the Special Relativity: Length Contraction and Time Dilation 53

5.2.2 Transformation of Velocities 55

5.2.3 Accelerated Motions 56

5.2.4 Forces in Relativistic Mechanics 57

5.3 Newton's Universal Gravitational Law 61

5.4 The Synthesis of Newton's Gravitational Law, Equivalence Principle, and Special Relativity 62

5.5 Einstein's Equivalence Principle and Strong Equivalence Principle 64

5.6 Synopsis 65

References 65

6 The Three and Two Rotating Neutrino Models: Particle Confinement by Gravity 67

6.1 Requirements for a Satisfactory Hadron Formation Model 67

6.2 The Inertial and Gravitational Mass of Fast Neutrinos 68

6.3 The Three-Neutrino Model 69

6.3.1 Equivalence Principle and Inertial Mass 70

6.3.2 The Classical Mechanical Problem 72

6.3.3 The de Broglie Wavelength Expression and Consistency with Quantum Mechanics 73

6.3.4 Numerical Substitutions 75

6.4 The Two-Neutrino Model 78

6.5 Summarizing Remarks 81

6.6 Synopsis 82

References 82

7 Energy and Other Properties of the Rotational States 85

7.1 Potential, Translational, and Total Energy of the Neutrinos 85

7.2 Properties of the Bound States 88

7.2.1 Rest Energy and Binding Energy 88

7.2.2 Radii and Lorentz Factors γ 88

7.2.3 Lifetimes and Rotational Periods 89

7.2.4 Spins and Charges 89

7.2.5 Magnetic Moments 91

7.2.6 Inertial Mass and Angular Momentum 92

7.2.7 Gravitational Force 93

7.2.8 Summary of the Comparison with Experiment 94

7.2.9 Gravitational Constant 95

7.3 Energy-Curvature Dependence and General Relativity 95

7.4 Model Consistency with General Relativity: Kerr Black Holes 97

7.5 Synopsis 98

References 99

8 Gravitational Hadronization: How Mass Can Be Produced from Gravity 101

8.1 The Generation of Rest Mass by the Kinetic Energy of the Constituents of a Confined State 101

8.2 Thermodynamics of Neutrino and Quark-Gluon Plasma Condensation 104

8.3 Synopsis 105

References 105

9 Model Comparison with the Main Experimental Features of the Strong Interaction Force 107

9.1 Quarks, Gluons, and Color Charge 107

9.1.1 Quarks 108

9.1.2 Gluons 109

9.1.3 Color Charge 109

9.1.4 Confinement and Asymptotic Freedom 109

9.1.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Hadron Jets 110

9.2 Synopsis 111

References 111

10 The Bohr-de Broglie Approach in Physics: The Dual Nature of Matter 113

10.1 Merits 113

10.2 Limitations 116

10.3 Charged Baryons 117

10.4 Synopsis 119

References 120

11 Gravity at Relativistic Velocities and Dark Matter 121

11.1 Dark Matter in Galaxies 121

11.2 Newton's Gravitational Law and Special Relativity 121

11.3 Virial Theorem and Dark Matter 122

11.4 Alternate Explanations 123

11.5 Gravity Modification 123

11.6 Gravitational Mass 124

11.7 Neutrinos in Space 125

11.8 Synopsis 125

References 125

12 Force Unification: Is the Strong Force Simply Gravity? 127

12.1 Coupling Constants: Facts and Expectations 127

12.2 Gravitational Coupling Constants 129

12.3 Synopsis 134

References 135.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781461439356

1461439353

OCLC:

800859735