Principles of ecotoxicology / author, R.M. Sibly, C.H. Walker.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Sibly, R. M.

Contributor:

Walker, C. H. (Colin Harold), 1936-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pollution.

Nature--Effect of human beings on.

Nature.

Environmental toxicology.

Physical Description:

xxv, 360 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2012.

Summary:

"Now in its fourth edition, this exceptionally accessible text provides students with a multidisciplinary perspective and a grounding in the fundamental principles required for research in toxicology today. Its concisesness and readability makes it highly popular with students, while its focus on principles makes its the preferred choice of instructors.Discussing the fundamental chemical and ecological nature of pollution processes, the authors identifiy the major classes of pollutants and their environmental fate while examining those pollutants deserving closer scrutiny. They also cover naturally occurring poisons, the history of chemical warfare, population risk assessment, community structure, neonicotinoids, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and the employment of biomarker strategies in field studies. In addition to updating the text throughout, this fourth edition--Includes a new chapter on future directions of ecotoxicologyProvides new material on nanoparticle pollution and effects of chemical weaponsOffers numerous new case studies, many from the U.S.Expands coverage of bioaccumulation, biomarkers, and risk assessment for affected populations "-- Provided by publisher.

"Preface to Fourth Edition Since publication of the first edition of Principles of Ecotoxicology, both David Peakall and Steve Hopkin have died--serious losses to the international scientific community. Both made key contributions to the first two editions and this fourth edition is dedicated to their memories. The origins of this book lie in the MSc course titled "Ecotoxicology of Natural Populations," first taught at Reading in 1991. Ecotoxicology was then emerging as a distinct subject of interdisciplinary character. The structure of the course reflected this characteristic and was taught by people of widely differing backgrounds ranging from chemistry and biochemistry to population genetics and ecology. Combining the different disciplines in an integrated way was something of a challenge. The experience of teaching the course persuaded the authors of the need for a textbook that would deal with the basic principles of such a wide-ranging subject. The intention has been to approach ecotoxicology in a broad interdisciplinary way, cutting across traditional subject boundaries. However, the nature of the text is bound to reflect the experiences and interests of the authors"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Section I Pollutants and Their Fate in Ecosystems

1 Major Classes of Pollutants 3

1.1 Inorganic Ions 3

1.1.1 Metals 3

1.1.2 Anions 6

1.2 Organic Pollutants 7

1.2.1 Hydrocarbons 8

1.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 10

1.2.3 Polychlorinated Benzodioxins (PCDDs) 12

1.2.4 Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) 12

1.2.5 Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) 12

1.2.6 Organochlorine Insecticides 13

1.2.7 Organophosphorous Insecticides (OPs) 14

1.2.8 Carbamate Insecticides 15

1.2.9 Pyrethroid Insecticides 16

1.2.10 Neonicotinoids 16

1.2.11 Phenoxy Herbicides (Plant Growth Regulators) 17

1.2.12 Anticoagulant Rodenticides 18

1.2.13 Detergents 18

1.2.14 Chlorophenols 18

1.2.15 Ethinylestradiol (EE2) 20

1.2.16 Pharmaceuticals 20

1.3 Organometallic Compounds 20

1.4 Radioactive Isotopes 21

1.4.1 Introduction 21

1.4.2 Natures and Intensities of Radioactive Decay Products 22

1.4.3 Half-Lives 23

1.4.4 Biochemistry 23

1.5 Gaseous Pollutants 24

1.6 Nanoparticles 25

1.7 Summary 25

Further Reading 26

2 Routes by which Pollutants Enter Ecosystems 27

2.1 Entry into Surface Waters 27

2.2 Contamination of Land 30

2.3 Discharge into Atmosphere 31

2.4 Quantification of Release of Pollutants 35

2.5 Summary 35

Further Reading 36

3 Long-Range Movements and Global Transport of Pollutants 37

3.1 Factors Determining Movements and Distributions of Pollutants 37

3.1.1 Polarity and Water Solubility 37

3.1.2 Partition Coefficients 39

3.1.3 Vapor Pressure 40

3.1.4 Partition between Environmental Compartments 40

3.1.5 Molecular Stability and Recalcitrant Molecules 40

3.2 Transport in Water 41

3.3 Transport in Air 42

3.4 Models for Environmental Distribution of Chemicals 44

3.5 Summary 48

Further Reading 48

4 The Fate of Metals and Radioactive Isotopes in Contaminated Ecosystems 49

4.1 Introduction 49

4.1.1 Localization 49

4.1.2 Persistence 49

4.1.3 Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors 50

4.1.4 Bioavailability 51

4.1.5 Cocktails of Inorganic Pollutants 51

4.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 51

4.2.1 Introduction 51

4.2.2 Metals 51

4.2.3 Radioactivity 54

4.3 Aquatic Systems 55

4.4 Summary 58

Further Reading 59

5 Fates of Organic Pollutants in Individuals and in Ecosystems 63

5.1 Fate within Individual Organisms 63

5.1.1 General Model 63

5.1.2 Processes of Uptake 66

5.1.3 Processes of Distribution 68

5.1.4 Storage 69

5.1.5 Metabolism 70

5.1.6 Sites of Excretion 78

5.1.7 Toxicokinetic Models 80

5.1.8 Toxicokinetic Models for Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation 82

5.2 Organic Pollutants in Terrestrial Ecosystems 84

5.2.1 Fate in Soils 84

5.2.2 Transfer along Terrestrial Food Chains 86

5.3 Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems 90

5.3.1 Pollutants in Sediments 90

5.3.2 Transfer along Aquatic Food Chains 91

5.4 Summary 92

Further Reading 93

Section II Effects of Pollutants on Individual Organisms

6 Testing for Ecotoxicity 97

6.1 General Principles 97

6.2 Determination of Toxicities of Mixtures 101

6.3 Toxicity Testing with Terrestrial Organisms 102

6.3.1 Introduction 102

6.3.2 Invertebrate Testing 103

6.3.2.1 Testing with Earthworms 103

6.3.2.2 Tests with Springtails 106

6.3.2.3 Tests with Beneficial Arthropods 106

6.3.2.4 Automated Videotracking 108

6.3.3 Vertebrates 109

6.3.4 Plants 111

6.4 Toxicity Testing with Aquatic Organisms 112

6.4.1 Tests for Direct Absorption from Water 112

6.4.2 Sediment Toxicity Tests 116

6.5 Risk Assessment 116

6.6 Field Testing for Toxicity 118

6.7 Alternative Methods in Ecotoxicity Testing 119

6.7.1 Alternative Methods for Estimating Toxicity to Vertebrates 120

6.7.1.1 Toxicity Testing on Live Vertebrates 120

6.7.1.2 Toxicity Testing on Nonvertebrates 121

6.7.1.3 Toxicity Testing on Cellular Systems 121

6.7.1.4 Predictive Models 122

6.7.2 Alternative Approaches toward More Ecological End Points 122

6.7.2.1 Field Studies 122

6.7.2.2 Microcosms and Msocosms 123

6.7.2.3 Theoretical Models 124

6.8 Summary 124

Further Reading 124

7 Biochemical Effects of Pollutants 125

7.1 Introduction 125

7.2 Protective Biochemical Responses 128

7.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity 129

7.4 Examples of Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity 131

7.4.1 Genotoxic Compounds 131

7.4.2 Neurotoxic Compounds 132

7.4.3 Mitochondrial Poisons 134

7.4.4 Vitamin K Antagonists 134

7.4.5 Thyroxine Antagonists 135

7.4.6 Inhibition of ATPases 135

7.4.7 Environmental Estrogens and Androgens 135

7.4.8 Reactions with Protein Sulfhydryl (SH) Groups 137

7.4.9 Photosystems of Plants 137

7.4.10 Plant Growth Regulator Herbicides 138

7.5 Summary 138

Further Reading 138

8 Physiological Effects of Pollutants 141

8.1 Introduction 141

8.2 Effects of Pollutants at Cellular Level 141

8.3 Effects at Organ Level in Animals 144

8.4 Effects at Whole Organism Level 148

8.4.1 Neurophysiological Effects 148

8.4.2 Effects on Behavior 150

8.4.3 Reproductive Effects 154

8.5 Effects on Plants 156

8.6 Energy Costs of Physiological Change 157

8.7 Summary 161

Further Reading 162

9 Interactive Effects of Pollutants 163

9.1 Introduction 163

9.2 Additive Effects 164

9.3 Potentiation of Toxicity 165

9.4 Potentiation Due to Inhibition of Detoxification 167

9.5 Potentiation from Increased Activation 169

9.6 Field Detection of Potentiation 169

9.7 Summary 171

Further Reading 172

10 Biomarkers 173

10.1 Classification of Biomarkers 173

10.2 Specificity of Biomarkers 174

10.3 Relationship of Biomarkers to Adverse Effects 176

10.4 Specific Biomarkers 178

10.4.1 Inhibition of Esterases 178

10.4.2 The Induction of Monooxygenases 178

10.4.3 Studies of Genetic Materials 179

10.4.4 Porphyrins and Heme Synthesis 182

10.4.5 Induction of Vitellogenin 183

10.4.6 Behavioral Biomarkers 183

10.4.7 Biomarkers in Plants 185

10.5 Role of Biomarkers in Environmental Risk Assessment 186

10.6 Summary 188

Further Reading 188

11 In Situ Biological Monitoring 189

11.1 Introduction 189

11.2 Community Effects (Type 1 Biomonitoring) 189

11.2.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 190

11.2.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 190

11.2.3 Marine Ecosystems 193

11.3 Bioconcentration of Pollutants (Type 2 Biomonitoring) 194

11.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 194

11.3.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 195

11.3.3 Marine Ecosystems 195

11.4 Effects of Pollutants (Type 3 Biomonitoring) 198

11.4.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 199

11.4.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 199

11.4.3 Marine Ecosystems 200

11.5 Genetically Based Resistance to Pollution (Type 4 Biomonitoring) 201

11.6 Conclusions 202

11.7 Summary 203

Further Reading 203

Section III Effects of Pollutants on Populations and Communities

12 Changes in Numbers: Population Dynamics 207

12.1 Population Abundance 208

12.2 Population Growth Rate 209

12.3 Population Growth Rate Depends on the Properties of Individual Organisms 209

12.3.1 The Life History and Population Growth Rate of the Coastal Copepod Eurytemora affinis 211

12.4 Density Dependence 213

12.5 Identifying Which Factors Are Density Dependent: k-Value Analysis 215

12.6 Interactions between Species 217

12.7 Field Studies: Three Case Studies 219

12.7.1 The Decline of the Partridges 219

12.7.2 Population Studies of Pesticides and Birds of Prey in the UK 225

12.7.3 The Boxworth Project (Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Pesticides on Farmland) 229

12.8 Modeling the Effects of Insecticides on Skylarks for Risk Assessment Purposes 233

12.9 Summary 236

Further Reading 236

13 Evolution of Resistance to Pollution 239

13.1 Chronic

Pollution Is Environmental Change 239

13.2 Evolutionary Processes in Constant Environments 239

13.3 The Evolution of Resistance When There Is a Mortality-Production Trade-Off 242

13.4 Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Changes 243

13.5 Monogenic Resistance 247

13.6 Case Studies 248

13.6.1 Evolution of Pesticide Resistance 248

13.6.2 Evolution of Metal Tolerance in Plants 251

13.6.3 Evolution of Industrial Melanism 253

13.6.4 Evolutionary Response of Dog Whelks, Nucella lapillus, to TBT Contamination 255

13.6.5 Evolution of Resistance to Pollution in Estuaries 256

13.7 Summary 258

Further Reading 259

14 Changes in Communities and Ecosystems 261

14.1 Introduction 261

14.2 Changes in Soil Processes: The Functional Approach 262

14.3 Changes in Compositions of Communities: The Structural Approach 265

14.3.1 Changes in Soil Ecosystems 266

14.3.2 Acidification of Lakes and Rivers 268

14.3.3 Mesocosms 270

14.4 Global Processes 273

14.5 Summary 274

Further Reading 275

15 Extrapolating from Molecular Interactions to Consequent Effects at Population Level 277

15.1 Introduction 277

15.2 Translation of Toxic Effects across Organizational Boundaries 278

15.2.1 From Effects at Site of Action to Localized Cellular Disturbances 278

15.2.1.1 Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System 280

15.2.1.2 Example B: Action of p,p'-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes 280

15.2.1.3 Example C: Action of p,p'-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands of Birds 282

15.2.1.4 Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) on Estrogenic Receptors of Fish 282

15.2.2 From Cellular Disturbances to Effects at Whole Organism Level 283

15.2.2.1 Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System 283

15.2.2.2 Example B: Action of p,p'-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes 284

15.2.2.3 Example C: Action of p,p'-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands of Birds 284

15.2.2.4 Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol on Estrogenic Receptors of Fish 284

15.2.3 From Effects on Whole Organism to Population Effects 285

15.2.3.1 Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System 285

15.2.3.2 Example B: Action of p,p'-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes 286

15.2.3.3 Example C: Action of p,p'-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands 286

15.2.3.4 Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol on Estrogenic Receptors in Fish 286

15.2.4 Complete Causal Chain 287

15.3 Biomarker Strategies 287

15.3.1 Establishing Causality Where Pollution Already Exists 288

15.3.2 Biomarker Strategies in the Field 289

15.3.3 Control Problems 290

15.3.4 Selection of Biomarkers for Field Studies 291

15.4 Biomarkers and Environmental Risk Assessment 292

15.5 Summary 292

Further Reading 293

16 Biomarkers in Population Studies 295

16.1 DDE-Induced Eggshell Thinning in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds 295

16.2 Reproductive Failure of Fish-Eating Birds on Great Lakes of North America 300

16.3 Reproductive Failures of Mollusks Caused by Tributyl Tin 305

16.4 Forest Spraying in Eastern Canada to Control Spruce Budworm 307

16.5 Summary 311

Further Reading 311

17 Ecotoxicology: Looking to the Future 313

17.1 Changing Patterns of Chemical Pollution 313

17.2 Environmental Risk Assessment 316

17.3 The Use of Models in Population Risk Assessment 316

17.4 Technological Advances and New Biomarker Assays 318

17.5 A Better Integrated Approach to Environmental Risk Assessment? 320

17.6 Ethical Issues 321

17.7 Summary 322

Further Reading 322.

Notes:

Rev. ed. of: Principles of ecotoxicology / C.H. Walker ... [et al.]. c2006.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781439862667

1439862664

9781439862858

1439862850

OCLC:

761380940