Principles of plasma diagnostics / I.H. Hutchinson.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hutchinson, I. H. (Ian H.), 1951-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Plasma diagnostics.

Physical Description:

xv, 364 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Contents:

1 Plasma diagnostics 1

1.2 Plasma properties 2

1.2.1 Moments of the distribution function 3

1.2.2 Multiple species 5

1.3 Categories of diagnostics 6

2 Magnetic diagnostics 11

2.1 Magnetic field measurements 11

2.1.1 The magnetic coil 11

2.1.2 Hall effect and Faraday effect measurements 13

2.1.3 Rogowski coils 15

2.1.4 Ohmic power and conductivity 17

2.2 Magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium 20

2.2.1 Diamagnetism (m = 0 term) 22

2.2.2 Position and asymmetry measurements (m = 1) 24

2.2.3 Strongly shaped plasmas 30

2.3 Internal magnetic probe measurements 37

2.3.1 Field measurements 37

2.3.2 Current density 40

2.3.3 Electric field 41

2.3.4 Pressure 43

2.3.5 Two - and three-dimensional measurements 44

2.4 Fluctuations 45

2.4.1 External measurements 46

2.4.2 Internal fluctuation measurements 51

3 Plasma particle flux 55

3.1.1 Particle flux 56

3.1.2 Debye shielding 57

3.1.3 Collisional effects 58

3.2 Probes in collisionless plasmas without magnetic fields 60

3.2.1 Sheath analysis 60

3.2.2 Sheath thickness 65

3.2.3 Exact solutions 67

3.2.4 Orbit-limited collection 68

3.2.5 Interpretation of the characteristic 70

3.3 The effects of a magnetic field 72

3.3.1 General effects 72

3.3.2 Quasicollisionless ion collection in a strong magnetic field 74

3.3.3 Collisions in a magnetic field 78

3.3.4 Mach probes for plasma velocity measurements 82

3.3.5 Oblique collection and perpendicular velocity measurements 86

3.4 Applications 89

3.4.2 More sophisticated analyzers 94

4 Refractive-index measurements 104

4.1 Electromagnetic waves in plasma 104

4.1.1 Waves in uniform media 104

4.1.2 Plasma conductivity 107

4.1.3 Nonuniform media: The WKBJ approximation and full-wave treatments 110

4.2 Measurement of electron density 112

4.2.1 Interferometry 112

4.2.2 Determining the phase shift 116

4.2.3 Modulation and detection methods 120

4.2.4 Coherence, diffraction and refraction 122

4.2.5 Choice of frequency, vibration 126

4.2.6 Interferometric imaging 127

4.2.7 Schlieren and shadowgraph imaging 129

4.2.8 Phase contrast interferometry 132

4.2.9 Scattering from refractive-index perturbations 133

4.3 Magnetic field measurement 133

4.3.1 Effect of a magnetic field 133

4.3.2 Faraday rotation 134

4.3.3 Propagation close to perpendicular 137

4.3.4 Measurement of the polarization 140

4.4 Abel inversion 141

4.5 Reflectometry 144

4.5.1 Calculation of the phase delay 146

4.5.2 Implementation of reflectometry 148

4.5.3 Relative merits of reflectometry and interferometry 151

5 Electromagnetic emission by free electrons 155

5.1 Radiation from an accelerated charge 155

5.1.1 The radiation fields 155

5.1.2 Frequency spectrum in the far field 157

5.2 Cyclotron radiation 158

5.2.1 Radiation by a single electron 158

5.2.2 Plasma emissivity 162

5.2.3 Nonrelativistic plasma 163

5.2.4 Radiation transport, absorption, and emission 166

5.2.5 Wave polarization and finite density effects 169

5.2.6 Spatially varying magnetic field 174

5.2.7 Diagnostic applications in thermal plasmas 175

5.2.8 Nonthermal plasmas 179

5.2.9 Cerenkov emission 183

5.3 Radiation from electron

ion encounters 186

5.3.1 Classical bremsstrahlung 186

5.3.2 Quantum-mechanical bremsstrahlung 192

5.3.3 Integration over velocities 195

5.3.4 Recombination radiation contribution 197

5.3.5 Temperature measurement 201

5.3.6 Multiple species: Z[subscript eff] measurement 203

5.3.7 Absorption: blackbody level bremsstrahlung 204

5.3.8 X-ray imaging 206

5.3.9 Nonthermal emission 210

6 Electromagnetic radiation from bound electrons 217

6.1 Radiative transitions: the Einstein coefficients 218

6.2 Types of equilibria 221

6.2.1 Thermal equilibrium 221

6.2.2 Saha

Boltzmann population distribution 222

6.2.3 Nonthermal populations 223

6.2.4 Coronal equilibrium 225

6.2.5 Time-dependent situations 227

6.3 Rate coefficients for collisional processes 229

6.3.1 Radiative recombination 230

6.3.2 The classical impact approximation 232

6.3.3 The dipole approximation 234

6.3.4 Ionization and excitation rates 237

6.3.5 Dielectronic recombination 241

6.3.6 Example: carbon v 243

6.3.7 Charge-exchange recombination 245

6.4 Line broadening 245

6.4.1 Natural line broadening 246

6.4.2 Doppler broadening 247

6.4.3 Pressure broadening 247

6.4.4 Combinations of broadening effects 251

6.4.5 Reabsorption: optically thick lines 252

6.5 Applications 253

6.5.1 Line intensities 253

6.5.2 Doppler broadening 257

6.5.3 Ion flow velocity 259

6.5.4 Stark widths 261

6.5.5 Bolometry 262

6.6 Active diagnostics 263

6.6.1 Resonant fluorescence 263

6.6.2 Zeeman splitting: magnetic field measurements 266

7 Scattering of electromagnetic radiation 273

7.1 Relativistic electron motion in electromagnetic fields 274

7.2 Incoherent Thomson scattering 276

7.2.1 Nonrelativistic scattering: the dipole approximation 276

7.2.2 Conditions for incoherent scattering 277

7.2.3 Incoherent Thomson scattering (B = 0) 280

7.2.4 Experimental considerations 285

7.3 Coherent scattering 293

7.3.1 The scattered field and power 293

7.3.2 Scattering form factor for a uniform unmagnetized plasma 296

7.3.3 Problems of diagnostics using the ion feature 303

7.3.4 Scattering from macroscopic density fluctuations 304

7.4 Scattering when a magnetic field is present 308

7.4.1 Incoherent scattering from magnetized electrons 309

7.4.2 Presence of the harmonic structure 311

7.4.3 Magnetic field measurement 314

7.4.4 Coherent scattering in a magnetic field 315

8 Neutral atom diagnostics 322

8.1 Neutral particle analysis 322

8.1.1 Collision processes 322

8.1.2 Neutral transport 325

8.1.3 The fast neutral spectrum 328

8.1.4 Dense plasma cases 332

8.1.5 Nonthermal plasmas 333

8.1.6 Neutral density measurement 334

8.2 Active probing with neutral particles 336

8.2.1 Neutral-beam attenuation 337

8.2.2 Active charge exchange 340

8.2.3 Doping species, lithium beams 341

8.3 Charge-exchange spectroscopy 344

8.3.1 Charge-exchange cross sections 345

8.3.2 Diagnostic applications of charge-exchange spectroscopy 351

8.4 Emission from beam atoms 354

8.4.1 Beam emission spectroscopy 355

8.4.2 Motional Stark effect 358

8.5 Other neutral particle diagnostics 363

8.5.1 Rutherford scattering 363

8.5.2 Pellet injection 364

9 Fast ions and fusion products 369

9.1 Neutron diagnostics 369

9.1.1 Reactions and cross sections 369

9.1.2 Complicating factors 372

9.1.3 Neutron spectrum 374

9.1.4 Collimated neutron measurements 379

9.2 Charged particle diagnostics 380

9.2.1 Charged reaction products 380

9.2.2 Orbits of energetic charged particles 383

9.2.3 Lost charged particle orbit diagnosis 387

9.2.4 Ion probing beams 388

Appendix 1 Fourier analysis 395

Appendix 2 Errors, fluctuations, and statistics 402

Appendix 3 Survey of radiation technology 407

Appendix 4 Definitions and identities of fundamental parameters 414

Appendix 5 Atomic rates for beam diagnostics 415.

Notes:

Includes index.

Bibliography: pages 355-358.

ISBN:

0521326222

OCLC:

15628221