Allergens and respiratory pollutants : the role of innate immunity / edited by Marc A. Williams.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Williams, Marc A. (Biologist)

Patrick B. and Anne Gaydosh Hughes Memorial Book Fund.

Series:

Biohealthcare Publishing series on medical and health science, technology and policy

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Natural immunity.

Allergens.

Environmental toxicology.

Lungs--Diseases.

Lungs.

Physical Description:

xxvi, 286 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Witney : Biohealthcare, 2011.

Summary:

Although biologist Williams is currently affiliated with the US Environmental Protection Agency, a disclaimer notes that this book is not a product of that agency and does not necessarily represent its views. Contributors are a mix of physicians, researchers, and engineers based in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Twelve contributions discuss the innate immune sensing of dangerous ambient pollutants by the dendritic cell, asthma, environmental lung injury, asthma exacerbations, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation, effects of air pollutants on allergic sensitization through the airway, particulate matter and oxidative stress, diesel exhaust, and the role of macrophages, among other topics. Distributed in North America by BookMasters. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Contents:

1 An Introduction to allergic inflammation and the innate immune sensing of dangerous ambient pollutants by the dendritic cell / Marc A. Williams Williams, Marc A. 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 The mononuclear phagocyte system: key players in innate immunity 4

1.3 The enigmatic dendritic cell: the Janus face of immunity 8

1.4 Atopic inflammation 12

1.5 The hygiene hypothesis 15

1.6 Pulmonary dendritic cells sense the enemy within 18

1.7 Concluding remarks 24

2 Asthama: primary immunomodulatory pathways / Timothy D. Bigby Bigby, Timothy D., Patricia W. Finn Finn, Patricia W. 37

2.1 Introduction 37

2.2 Receptors of the innate immune system and asthma 38

2.2.1 Toll-like receptors 39

2.2.2 Airway epithelian cells 42

2.2.3 NOD receptors 43

2.3 Additional immunoregulatory pathways 43

2.3.1 Surfactants 43

2.3.2 CTLA4 44

2.4 Bioinformatics/systems biology 45

2.5 The future 46

3 Environmental lung injury and pattern recognition receptors / Zhuo Wel Li Li, Zhuo Wel, Stavros Garantziotis Garantziotis, Stavros, Paul W. Noble Noble, Paul W., John W. Hollingsworth Hollingsworth, John W. 51

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Toll-like receptor 4 signaling 53

3.3 Bacterial endotoxin contributes to environmenal airways disease 55

3.3.1 Inhaled LPS contributes to occupational lung disease 55

3.3.2 Murine studies with toll-like receptors in environmental airways disease 56

3.3.3 Human studies of inhaled LPS and toll-like receptors 56

3.4 Microbial contamination of aerosolized biomass 57

3.5 The role of toll-like receptors in sterile lung injury 59

3.5.1 Ozone and pattern recognition receptors 59

3.5.2 Hyperoxia and toll-like receptor 4 60

3.5.3 Bleomycin lung injury and toll-like receptors 61

3.5.4 Lung injury and endogenous ligands of toll-like receptors 62

3.6 Toll-like receptor 4 and other human lung diseases 63

3.6.1 Emphysema and toll-like receptors 63

3.7 Allergic airways disease and toll-like receptors 65

3.8 Transplantation and pattern recognition receptors 67

3.9 Environmental co-exposures and pattern recognition receptors 70

3.10 Conclusion 72

4 Asthma exacerbations: a paradigm of synergy between allergens, pollutants and viruses / Antoine Magnan Magnan, Antoine, Karine Botturi Botturi, Karine, Anaïs Pipet Pipet, Anaïs, Arnaud Cavaillès Cavaillès, Arnaud, Damien Reboulleau Reboulleau, Damien, Marie Langelot Langelot, Marie, Yannick Lacoeuille Lacoeuille, Yannick, Emilie Berthoux Berthoux, Emilie, Bérangère Neveu Neveu, Bérangère 89

4.1 Introduction 90

4.2 Immunopathology of controlled asthma 90

4.2.1 Definition and natural history of asthma 90

4.2.2 Role of atopy 91

4.2.3 Gene/environment interactions 92

4.3 Adaptive immunity, from atopy to asthma 93

4.4 Innate immunity from atopy to asthma 96

4.4.1 Epithelial cell 96

4.4.2 Dendritic cells 97

4.4.3 NK T cells 98

4.5 Immunopathology of exacerbations 99

4.5.1 Immunopathological findings during exacerbations 99

4.6 Immunopathology according to triggering factors 101

4.6.1 Viruses 101

4.6.2 Pollutants 104

4.6.3 Allergens 106

4.7 Concluding remarks 107

5 Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation induced by allergic immune response and oxidative stress: role of innate and adaptive immune responses / Kian Fan Chung Chung, Kian Fan, Alison S. Williams Williams, Alison S. 117

5.1 Introduction 118

5.2 Airway responses to allergens 119

5.2.1 Regulation of the immune response to allergens 120

5.2.2 AHR and airway smooth muscle 121

5.2.3 Dendritic cells and Th-2 responses 122

5.3 Ozone and lung disease 123

5.3.1 Controlled exposure of humans to ozone 124

5.3.2 Mechanisms of AHR induced by ozone 125

5.3.3 Role of innate immunity in ozone responses 126

5.3.4 Interactions between allergen and ozone 128

5.4 Conclusions 130

6 Effects of air pollutants on allergic sensitization through the airway / Donald N. Cook Cook, Donald N., Hideki Nakano Nakano, Hideki 139

6.1 Introduction 139

6.2 Adjuvants 140

6.3 Dendritic cells 141

6.3.1 Effect of air pollution on DCs in vitro 142

6.3.2 Pulmonary dendritic cells 143

6.4 Immunotolerance to inhaled antigens 144

6.4.1 Mechanisms of dendritic cell-mediated immunotolerance 145

6.5 Animal models of air pollution-enhanced allergic sensitization 146

6.5.1 LPS-mediated allergic sensitization 147

6.5.2 NO₂-mediated allergic sensitization 148

6.5.3 Ozone-mediated allergic sensitization 149

6.5.4 DEP-mediated allergic sensitization 150

6.6 Mechanisms of air pollution-enhanced allergic sensitization 150

7 Particulate matter and oxidative stress: dangerous partners in inflammation, vascular dysfunction and innate immunity / Steve N. Georas Georas, Steve N., Mark W. Frampton Frampton, Mark W. 157

7.1 Introduction 158

7.2 Role of ultrafine particles 159

7.2.1 Deposition within the respiratory tract 159

7.3 Dendritic cells as key environmental sensors 160

7.4 Dangerous properties of PM 161

7.4.1 PM associated oxidants as danger signals 162

7.5 Response to inhaled PM 163

7.6 Concluding remarks 166

8 Diesel exhaust particles and the airway epithelial cell-dendritic cell interface in the control of immune homeostasis / Joan Reibman Reibman, Joan, Bertram Bleck Bleck, Bertram, Doris Tse Tse, Doris, Maria Curotto De Lafaille Lafaille, Maria Curotto De 171

8.1 Introduction 172

8.2 Traffic-related pollution 172

8.3 T cell balance in asthma 173

8.4 DC overview and subtypes 177

8.4.1 Pre-dendritic cells 177

8.5 DC in the lung 179

8.5.1 DC trafficking in the lung 179

8.6 Ambient PM and DEP and DC trafficking 181

8.7 DEP and bronchial epithelial cell induced DC maturation 182

8.8 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 183

8.9 Thymic stromal Iymphopoietin (TSLP) 185

9 Role of macrophages in adverse pulmonary effects of particulate pollutants / Raymond Pieters Pieters, Raymond 201

9.1 Introduction 201

9.2 Macrophages as immunomodulating cells 202

9.3 Ubiquitous role of macrophages in immune homeostasis 203

9.4 Particular matter and macrophages 204

9.4.1 Particles and oxidative stress in macrophages 205

9.4.2 Receptors involved in particle uptake by macrophages 206

9.5 Link between particle-induced macrophage activation, respiratory allergy and lung infections 207

9.6 Future perspectives 209

10 Particulate air pollution and vulnerability to respiratory infections in children / Jonathan Grigg Grigg, Jonathan 213

10.1 Introduction 213

10.2 Developmental vulnerability 215

10.3 Respiratory infections in children 217

10.4 Bacterial pneumonia in the developing world 219

10.5 Bacterial pneumonia in the developed world 221

10.6 Bronchiolitis 223

10.7 Interactions between viruses and bacteria 224

10.8 Conclusions 224

11 The intersection of respiratory syncytial virus infection, innate immunity and allergic lung disease / Michael H. Chi Chi, Michael H., Martin L. Moore Moore, Martin L., R. Stokes Peebles Peebles, R. Stokes 229

11.1 Introduction 230

11.2 Pollution, ambient particulate matter, and ozone 230

11.3 Innate immunity gene polymorphisms 232

11.4 Surfactant proteins 233

11.5 Toll-like receptors 234

11.6 Interferon-α 235

11.7 Dendritic cells 236

11.8 Natural killer cells 237

11.9 Timing 237

11.10 Future directions 238

11.11 Conclusions 239

12 Interactions between allergens and dendritic cells: pattern recognition receptors and their function in the pathogenesis of allergic respiratory diseases / Stephanie T. Yerkovich Yerkovich, Stephanie T., John W.

Upham Upham, John W. 245

12.1 Introduction 246

12.2 Allergic respiratory diseases: the key instigators and cellular players 246

12.2.1 The instigators: aeroallergens 246

12.2.2 The players: overview 248

12.2.3 The players: dendritic cells 248

12.2.4 How do DC prime a Th2 response? 250

12.3 Interactions between allergens and DC 252

12.3.1 Functional differences exist between DC of allergic and non-allergic individuals 252

12.3.2 Allergens have intrinsic properties that may directly influence DC function 253

12.4 Pathogen recognition receptors 256

12.4.1 C-type lectin receptors 256

12.4.2 CLRs: pathogen recognition and beyond 257

12.4.3 CLRs: Their role in allergic immunity 261

12.4.4 TLRs and CLRs: Could they be used to reduce allergic disease? 264

12.5 Conclusions 265.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Patrick B. and Anne Gaydosh Hughes Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

9781907568541

1907568549

OCLC:

663446773