Dark matter and dark energy / edited by Sabino Matarrese, Vittorio Gorini, Ugo Moschella.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Matarrese, Sabino.

Gorini, V. (Vittorio), 1940-

Moschella, Ugo.

Series:

Astrophysics and space science library ; 370.

Astrophysics and space science library ; 370

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Dark matter (Astronomy).

Dark energy (Astronomy).

Physical Description:

xiv, 404 pages ; 18 cm.

Place of Publication:

Dordrecht ; London : Springer, 2010.

Summary:

This book brings together reviews from leading international authorities on the developments in the study of dark matter and dark energy, as seen from both their cosmological and particle physics sides. Studying the physical and astrophysical properties of the dark components of our Universe is a crucial step towards the ultimate goal of unveiling their nature. The work developed from a doctoral school sponsored by the Italian Society of General Relativity and Gravitation.

The book starts with a concise introduction to the standard cosmological model, as well as with a presentation of the theory of linear perturbations around a homogeneous and isotropic background. It covers the particle physics and cosmological aspects of dark matter and (dynamical) dark energy, including a discussion of how modified theories of gravity could provide a possible candidate for dark energy. A detailed presentation is also given of the possible ways of testing the theory in terms of cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift surveys and weak gravitational lensing observations. Included is a chapter reviewing extensively the direct and indirect methods of detection of the hypothetical dark matter particles. Also included is a self-contained introduction to the techniques and most important results of numerical (e.g. N-body) simulations in cosmology.

This volume will be useful to researchers, PhD and graduate students in Astrophysics, Cosmology, Physics and Mathematics, who are interested in cosmology, dark matter and dark energy. Book jacket.

Contents:

Part I Cosmology

1 Relativistic Cosmology / Norbert Straumann Straumann, Norbert 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Essentials of Friedmann-Lemaître Models 4

1.2.1 Friedmann-Lemaître Spacetimes 5

1.2.2 Thermal History Below 100 MeV 13

1.2.3 Luminosity-Redshift Relation 22

1.3 Inflationary Scenario 27

1.3.1 Introduction 27

1.3.2 The Horizon Problem and the General Idea of Inflation 27

1.3.3 Scalar Field Models 33

1.4 Cosmological Perturbation Theory 37

1.4.1 Generalities 38

1.4.2 Explicit form of the Energy-Momentum Conservation 48

1.4.3 Einstein Equations 49

1.5 Some Applications of CPT 55

1.5.1 Nonrelativistic Limit 56

1.5.2 Large-Scale Solutions 57

1.5.3 Solution for Dust 59

1.5.4 A Simple Relativistic Example 60

1.6 CPT for Scalar Field Models 61

1.6.1 Basic Perturbation Equations 62

1.6.2 Consequences and Reformulations 65

1.7 Quantization, Primordial Power Spectra 70

1.7.1 Power Spectrum of the Inflaton Field 71

1.7.2 Generation of Gravitational Waves 80

1.7.3 Appendix to Section 1.7: Einstein Tensor for Tensor Perturbations 89

1.8 Tight Coupling Phase 90

1.8.1 Basic Equations 91

1.8.2 Analytical and Numerical Analysis 105

1.9 General Relativistic Boltzmann Equation 112

1.9.1 One-Particle Phase Space, Liouville Operator 112

1.9.2 The General Relativistic Boltzmann Equation 116

1.9.3 Gauge Transformations 117

1.9.4 Liouville Operator in the Longitudinal Gauge 117

1.9.5 Boltzmann Equation for Photons 120

1.9.6 Tensor Contributions to the Boltzmann Equation 125

1.9.7 Collision Integral for Thomson Scattering 126

References 130

2 Cosmology with Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure Observations / Licia Verde Verde, Licia 133

2.1 Introduction 133

2.2 Cosmic Microwave Background and Other Data Sets: What have we Learned About Cosmology? 135

2.2.1 Testing Inflation: Status and the Prospects 139

2.2.2 Beyond the Standard Cosmological Model 143

2.3 CMB: How is the Information Extracted? 145

2.3.1 Real-World Effects 146

2.3.2 Beam 147

2.3.3 Sky Cut 148

2.3.4 How Do You Make a CMB Map in the First Place? 148

2.3.5 Foregrounds 150

2.3.6 Estimation of the C₁ 153

2.3.7 Likelihoods 153

2.4 The Dark Side of Large-Scale Structures 154

2.4.1 Basic Tools for Large-Scale Structure 155

2.4.2 Window and Selection Function 162

2.4.3 Weighting Schemes to Account for all that and More 163

2.4.4 Redshift-Space Distortions 164

2.4.5 Nonlinearities etc. 166

2.4.6 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) 169

2.5 Conclusions 175

References 175

3 Cosmology with Gravitational Lensing / Alan Heavens Heavens, Alan 177

3.1 Introduction 177

3.2 Basics of Lensing 178

3.2.1 The Bend Angle 178

3.2.2 The Lens Equation 179

3.2.3 General Thin Lens Mass Distributions 182

3.3 Dark Matter 185

3.3.1 2D Mass Surface Density Reconstruction 185

3.3.2 Testing the Navarro-Frenk-White Profile of CDM 188

3.4 Cosmological Lensing 189

3.4.1 Distortion of Light Bundles 190

3.4.2 Lensing Potential 191

3.4.3 Matter Power Spectrum 194

3.4.4 Intrinsic Alignments 195

3.4.5 E/B Decomposition 196

3.4.6 Results 198

3.5 Lensing in 3D 199

3.5.1 3D Potential and Mass Density Reconstruction 199

3.5.2 Tomography 201

3.5.3 The Shear Ratio Test 203

3.5.4 Full 3D Analysis of the Shear Field 204

3.5.5 Dark Energy with 3D Lensing Methods 206

3.6 Dark Gravity 208

3.6.1 Growth Rate 210

3.7 The Future 211

3.8 Appendix: The Propagation of Light through a Weakly Perturbed Universe 212

3.8.1 The Geodesic Equation 212

References 214

4 Cosmology with Numerical Simulations / Lauro Moscardini Moscardini, Lauro, Klaus Dolag Dolag, Klaus 217

4.1 Introduction 217

4.2 N-Body Codes 218

4.2.1 The Model Equations 218

4.2.2 The Particle-Particle (PP) Method 219

4.2.3 The Particle-Mesh (PM) Method 221

4.2.4 Tree Codes 224

4.2.5 Hybrid Methods 225

4.2.6 Initial Conditions and Simulation Setup 226

4.2.7 Code Comparison 227

4.3 Hydrodynamical Codes 228

4.3.1 The Model Equations 228

4.3.2 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) 229

4.3.3 Eulerian Methods 233

4.3.4 Code Comparison 234

4.3.5 Extra Gas Physics 234

References 236

Part II Dark Matter

5 Dark Matter Astrophysics / Guido D'Amico D'Amico, Guido, Marc Kamionkowski Kamionkowski, Marc, Kris Sigurdson Sigurdson, Kris 241

5.1 Introduction 241

5.2 Astrophysical Evidence 242

5.2.1 Galactic Rotation Curves 242

5.2.2 Galaxy Clusters 244

5.2.3 Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure 247

5.3 Basic Properties of Dark Matter 248

5.4 Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) 250

5.4.1 WIMP Freezeout in Early Universe 250

5.4.2 Direct Detection 253

5.4.3 Energetic v's from the Sun 255

5.4.4 Cosmic Rays from DM Annihilation 256

5.5 Variations and Additions 261

5.5.1 Enhanced Relic Abundance 261

5.5.2 Kinetic Decoupling 262

5.5.3 Particle Decay and Suppression of Small-Scale Power 262

5.5.4 Dipole Dark Matter 264

5.5.5 Gravitational Constraints 264

5.5.6 Electromagnetic-Like Interactions for Dark Matter? 266

5.6 Some Other Particle Dark-Matter Candidates 266

5.6.1 Sterile Neutrinos 267

5.6.2 Axions 268

5.7 Conclusions 270

References 270

6 Dark Matter: the Particle Physics View / Antonio Masiero Masiero, Antonio 273

6.1 Introduction 273

6.2 The Standard Model of Particle Physics 276

6.2.1 The Higgs Mechanism and Vector Boson Masses 278

6.2.2 Fermion Masses 279

6.2.3 Successes and Difficulties of the SM 280

6.3 The DM Problem: Experimental Evidence 281

6.4 Lepton Number Violation and Neutrinos as HDM Candidates 282

6.4.1 Neutrino Masses in the SM and Beyond 282

6.4.2 Thermal History of Neutrinos 283

6.4.3 HDM and Structure Formation 285

6.5 Low-energy SUSY and DM 285

6.5.1 Neutralinos as the LSP in SUSY Models 285

6.5.2 Neutralinos in the Minimal SUSY Standard Model 286

6.5.3 Thermal History of Neutralinos and Ω_CDM 288

6.6 Changing the Expansion Rate in the Past 288

6.6.1 GR as a Fixed Point 290

6.7 Implications for DM in the CMSSM 292

References 292

7 Dark Matter Direct and Indirect Detection / Andrea Giuliani Giuliani, Andrea 295

7.1 Introduction 295

7.1.1 Dark Matter at the Various Scales 296

7.1.2 The Nature of Dark Matter 296

7.2 Direct Detection of WIMPs via Scattering off Ordinary Matter 301

7.2.1 Rate and Features of the WIMP-Nucleus Interactions 301

7.2.2 Status of the Experimental Search for WIMPs 306

7.3 Indirect Detection via Annihilation of Dark Matter Particles 317

7.3.1 Introduction to Annihilation Mechanisms and Products 319

7.3.2 Indirect Search Exploiting the Antimatter Component in Cosmic Rays 321

7.3.3 Indirect Search with γ-rays and Neutrinos 322

7.4 Conclusions 326

References 327

Part III Dark Energy

8 Dark Energy: Investigation and Modeling / Shinji Tsujikawa Tsujikawa, Shinji 331

8.1 Introduction 331

8.2 Observational Constraints on Dark Energy 333

8.2.1 Supernovae Ia Observations 333

8.2.2 CMB 338

8.2.3 BAO 341

8.3 Cosmological Constant 342

8.4 Modified Matter Models 346

8.4.1 Quintessence 346

8.4.2 k-Essence 351

8.4.3 Coupled Dark Energy 354

8.4.4 Unified Models of Dark Energy and Dark Matter 364

8.5 Modified Gravity Models 366

8.5.1 f(R) Gravity 366

8.5.2 Gauss-Bonnet Dark Energy Models 375

8.5.3 Scalar-Tensor Theories 377

8.5.4 DGP Model 381

8.6 Cosmic Acceleration without Dark Energy 384

8.6.1 Inhomogeneous LTB Model 385

8.6.2 Backreaction of Cosmological Perturbations 387

8.7 Conclusions 388

References 390.

ISBN:

9789048186846

9048186846

OCLC:

495781721