Auditory and visual sensations / Yoichi Ando ; guest editor, Peter Cariani.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ando, Yoichi, 1939-

Contributor:

Cariani, Peter.

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Architectural acoustics.

Senses and sensation in architecture.

Vision--Physiology.

Vision.

Hearing--Physiological aspects.

Hearing.

Physiology.

Physical Description:

xxv, 344 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

[New York] : Springer, [2009]

Contents:

Part I Temporal and Spatial Sensations in the Human Auditory System

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Auditory Temporal and Spatial Factors 3

1.2 Auditory System Model for Temporal and Spatial Information Processing 4

2 Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Sounds and Sound Fields 9

2.1 Analysis of Source Signals 9

2.1.1 Power Spectrum 9

2.1.2 Autocorrelation Function (ACF) 10

2.1.3 Running Autocorrelation 13

2.2 Physical Factors of Sound Fields 18

2.2.1 Sound Transmission from a Point Source through a Room to the Listener 18

2.2.2 Temporal-Monaural Factors 19

2.2.3 Spatial-Binaural Factors 20

2.3 Simulation of a Sound Field in an Anechoic Enclosure 23

3 Subjective Preferences for Sound Fields 25

3.1 Preferred Properties for Sound Fields with Multiple Reflections 26

3.1.1 Preferred Delay Time of a Single Reflection 26

3.1.2 Preferred Horizontal Direction of a Single Reflection 29

3.2 Preferred Conditions for Sound Fields with Multiple Reflections 30

3.2.1 Optimal Listening Level (LL) 30

3.2.2 Optimal First Reflection Time (Δt₁) 31

3.2.3 Optimal Subsequent Reverberation Times (T sub ) 31

3.2.4 Optimal Magnitude of Interaural Crosscorrelation (IACC) 33

3.3 Theory of Subjective Preferences for Sound Fields 34

3.4 Evaluation of Boston Symphony Hall Based on Temporal and Spatial Factors 37

4 Electrical and Magnetic Responses in the Central Auditory System 39

4.1 Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs) 40

4.1.1 Brainstem Response Correlates of Sound Direction in the Horizontal Plane 40

4.1.2 Brainstem Response Correlates of Listening Level (LL) and Interaural Crosscorrelation Magnitude (IACC) 44

4.1.3 Remarks 46

4.2 Slow Vertex Responses (SVRs) 48

4.2.1 SVR Correlates of First Reflection Time Δt₁ Contrast 48

4.2.2 Hemispheric Lateralization Related to Spatial Aspects of Sound 50

4.2.3 Response Latency Correlates of Subjective Preference 53

4.3 Electroencephalographic (EEG) Correlates of Subjective Preference 55

4.3.1 EEG Correlates of First Reflection Time Δt₁ Changes 55

4.3.2 EEG Correlates of Reverberation Time T sub Changes 58

4.3.3 EEG Correlates of Interaural Correlation Magnitude (IACC) Changes 60

4.4 Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) Correlates of Preference and Annoyance 63

4.4.1 Preferences and the Peristence of Alpha Rhythms 63

4.4.2 Preferences and the Spatial Extent of Alpha Rhythms 68

4.4.3 Alpha Rhythm Correlates of Annoyance 68

5 Model of Temporal and Spatial Factors in the Central Auditory System 73

5.1 Signal Processing Model of the Human Auditory System 73

5.1.1 Summary of Neural Evidence 73

5.1.2 Auditory Signal Processing Model 75

5.2 Temporal Factors Extracted from Autocorrelations of Sound Signals 83

5.3 Auditory Temporal Window for Autocorrelation Processing 84

5.4 Spatial Factors and Interaural Crosscorrelation 86

5.5 Auditory Temporal Window for Binaural Processing 87

5.6 Hemispheric Specialization for Spatial Attributes of Sound Fields 87

6 Temporal Sensations of the Sound Signal 91

6.1 Combinations of Temporal and Spatial Sensations 91

6.2 Pitch of Complex Tones and Multiband Noise 93

6.2.1 Perception of the Low Pitch of Complex Tones 93

6.2.2 Pitch of Multiband "Complex Noise" 100

6.2.3 Frequency Limits of Missing Fundamentals 101

6.3 Beats Induced by Dual Missing Fundamentals 105

6.4 Loudness 108

6.4.1 Loudness of Sharply Filtered Noise 108

6.4.2 Loudness of Complex Noise 114

6.5 Duration Sensation 119

6.6 Timbre of an Electric Guitar Sound with Distortion 120

6.6.1 Experiment 1-Peak Clipping 122

6.6.2 Experiment 2-Commercial Effects Box 124

6.6.3 Concluding Remarks 124

7 Spatial Sensations of Binaural Signals 125

7.1 Sound Localization 125

7.1.1 Cues of Localization in the Horizontal Plane 125

7.1.2 Cues of Localization in the Median Plane 126

7.2 Apparent Source Width (ASW) 127

7.2.1 Apparent Width of Bandpass Noise 130

7.2.2 Apparent Width of Multiband Noise 131

7.3 Subjective Diffuseness 136

8 Application (I)-Music and Concert Hall Acoustics 143

8.1 Pitches of Piano Notes 143

8.2 Design Studies of Concert Halls as Public Spaces 148

8.2.1 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for Shape Optimization 148

8.2.2 Two Actual Designs: Kirishima and Tsuyama 153

8.3 Individualized Seat Selection Systems for Enhancing Aural Experience 158

8.3.1 A Seat Selection System 158

8.3.2 Individual Subjective Preference 158

8.3.3 Distributions of Listener Preferences 161

8.4 Subjective Preferences of Cello Soloists for First Reflection Time, Δt₁ 165

8.5 Concert Hall as Musical Instrument 172

8.5.1 Composing with the Hall in Mind: Matching Music and Reverberation 172

8.5.2 Expanding the Musical Image: Spatial Expression and Apparent Source Width 174

8.5.3 Enveloping Music: Spatial Expression and Musical Dynamics 175

8.6 Performing in a Hall: Blending Musical Performances with Sound Fields 175

8.6.1 Choosing a Performing Position on the Stage 175

8.6.2 Performance Adjustments that Optimize Temporal Factors 176

8.6.3 Towards Future Integration of Composition, Performance and Hall Acoustics 177

9 Applications (II)-Speech Reception in Sound Fields 179

9.1 Effects of Temporal Factors on Speech Reception 179

9.2 Effects of Spatial Factors on Speech Reception 185

9.3 Effects of Sound Fields on Perceptual Dissimilarity 189

9.3.1 Perceptual Distance due to Temporal Factors 194

9.3.2 Perceptual Distance due to Spatial Factors 195

10 Applications (III)-Noise Measurement 199

10.1 Method of Noise Measurement 199

10.2 Aircraft Noise 200

10.3 Flushing Toilet Noise 207

11 Applications (IV)-Noise Annoyance 213

11.1 Noise Annoyance in Relation to Temporal Factors 213

11.1.1 Annoyance of Band-Pass Noise 213

11.1.2 Annoyance of Traffic Noise 218

11.2 Noise Annoyance in Relation to Spatial Factors 223

11.2.1 Experiment 1: Effects of SPL and IACC Fluctuations 223

11.2.2 Experiment 2: Effects of Sound Movement 225

11.3 Effects of Noise and Music on Children 228

Part II Temporal and Spatial Sensations in the Human Visual System

12 Introduction to Visual Sensations 235

13 Temporal and Spatial Sensations in Vision 237

13.1 Temporal Sensations of Flickering Light 237

13.1.1 Conclusions 243

13.2 Spatial Sensations 243

14 Subjective Preferences in Vision 253

14.1 Subjective Preferences for Flickering Lights 253

14.2 Subjective Preferences for Oscillatory Movements 259

14.3 Subjective Preferences for Texture 263

14.3.1 Preferred Regularity of Texture 263

14.3.2 Application: Spatial "Vibrato" in a Drawing 264

15 EEG and MEG Correlates of Visual Subjective Preferences 267

15.1 EEG Correlates of Preferences for Flickering Lights 267

15.1.1 Persistence of Alpha Rhythms 267

15.1.2 Spatial Extent of Alpha Rhythms 275

15.2 MEG Correlates of Preferences for Flickering Lights 282

15.2.1 MEG Correlates of Sinusoidal Flicker 282

15.2.2 MEG Correlates of Fluctuating Flicker Rates 288

15.3 EEG Correlates of Preferences for Oscillatory Movements 289

15.4 Hemispheric Specializations in Vision 295

16 Summary of Auditory and Visual Sensations 297

16.1 Auditory Sensations 298

16.1.1 Auditory Temporal Sensations 298

16.1.2 Auditory Spatial Sensations 299

16.1.3 Auditory Subjective Preferences 300

16.1.4 Effects of Noise on Tasks and Annoyance 301

16.2 Visual Sensations 304

16.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Sensations in Vision 304

16.2.2 Visual Subjective Preferences 305.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

9781441901712

144190171X

1441901728

9781441901729

OCLC:

465360209