Pedestrian and cyclist impact : a biomechanical perspective / Ciaran Simms, Denis Wood.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Simms, Ciaran.

Contributor:

Wood, Denis, Ph. D.

Series:

Solid mechanics and its applications

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pedestrians--Safety measures.

Cyclists--Safety measures.

Pedestrian accidents--Prevention.

Roads--Design and construction--Safety measures.

Pedestrian facilities design.

Traffic safety.

Pedestrian accidents.

Cyclists.

Pedestrians.

Physical Description:

xv, 230 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Dordrecht ; Heidelberg : Springer, [2009]

Summary:

The Protection of pedestrians is the most important global road safety priority. This is the first book to provide a detailed treatment of the physical processes which occur which pedestrians and cyclists are struck by motorised vehicles.

The principal focus is to show how pedestrian and cyclist pre-impact movements and vehicles design influence subsequent injury outcome. This involves recourse to several academic disciplines: epidemiology, mechanics and anatomy/physiology. Therefore this book presents pedestrian and cyclist impact from a biomechanical perspective. It features a detailed treatment of the physics of pedestrian and cyclist impact, as well as a review of the accident databases and the relevant injury criteria used in the assessment of pedestrian and cyclist injuries. New data detailing the kinematics of the impact processes are presented and the relationship between vehicle impact speed projection distance and the relative importance of ground related injuries compared to vehicle related injuries is assessed in detail. The final focus is on the complex relationship between vehicle design and pedestrian and cyclist injury outcome in the event of a collision.

This book is a one stop source for understanding the mechanics or pedestrian and cyclist impact and is therefore of significant value to both new and established researchers.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries 5

Introduction 5

Global View of Pedestrian and Cyclist Fatality and Injury Rates 5

Main Pedestrian and Cyclist Injury Database Sources 7

Distribution of Pedestrian Injuries 8

Distribution of Cyclist Injuries 10

Injury Risk as a Function of Age and Sex 16

The Distribution of Vehicle Impact Speeds 17

Injuries from Vehicle and from Ground Contact 21

Injury Risk as a Function of Vehicle Size and Type 21

Injuries and Disabilities 24

Pedestrian Injury Trends over Time 25

Concluding Remarks 25

Chapter 3 Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact Kinematics 31

Introduction 31

Sources for Studying Pedestrian and Cyclist Movement 32

Classification of Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact Configurations 32

Pedestrian Sideswipe Collisions 34

Wrap Projection 35

Pedestrian/Cyclist Head Contact in Wrap Projections 40

Forward Projection 43

Post Head Impact Kinematics for Forward and Wrap Projection Cases 45

Concluding Remarks 48

Chapter 4 The Relationship between Vehicle Impact Speed and Pedestrian and Cyclist Projection Distance 51

Introduction 51

Stages of Pedestrian and Cyclist Projection 52

Post Impact Separation from the Vehicle 53

Effective Coefficient of Retardation in the Ground Contact 54

Accident Data 54

Staged Tests 57

Comparison between Accident Reconstructions and Staged Tests 58

Regression Models Relating Impact Speed to Pedestrian Projection Distance 60

Physics Based Models Relating Impact Speed to Pedestrian Projection Distance 62

Theoretical Considerations: The Particle Projection Model 63

Wrap Projection 66

Pedestrian Forward Projection 67

Confidence Limits for Vehicle Impact Speed Prediction 70

Other Models 70

Concluding Remarks 72

Chapter 5 Injury Mechanisms and Injury Criteria 75

Introduction 75

Head Injuries 76

Head Injury Criteria 77

Spinal Injuries 82

Thorax Injuries 84

Abdominal Injuries 85

Pelvis Injuries 87

Lower Extremity Injuries 87

The Long Bones: Femur, Tibia and Fibula 88

The Knee 92

The Ankle and Upper Extremities 93

Concluding Remarks 93

Chapter 6 Vehicle Design Standards for Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety 99

Introduction 99

Bodies Developing Pedestrian Safety Standards 100

Types of Test Proposed 101

Subsystem Tests: Legform Impactor to Bumper 102

Upper Legform to Bonnet Leading Edge 104

Headform to Bonnet Top: Adult and Child 107

Implementation into Legislation 109

Concluding Remarks 111

Chapter 7 Mathematical Formulations for Impact Modelling 115

Introduction 115

Notation 116

Timing 117

Impulse and Momentum 118

Single Segment Formulation Using Momentum Consideration 120

Post Primary Impact Kinematics 121

Head Contact Time 121

Post Head Impact Kinematics 122

Pedestrian Formulation Using an Ordinary Differintial Equaction(ODE) Approach 124

Rigid Body ODE Approach with a Hinge Segment 127

Three-Dimensional Effects 130

Problems with a Rigid Body Approach 131

A Finite Element Approach to Pedestrian Impact 132

Concluding Remarks 135

Chapter 8 Models for Simulating Impact 137

Introduction 137

Pedestrian Physical Dummy Models 137

Mathematical Models 138

Multibody Models 141

Finite Element Models 145

Application of Finite Element Pedestrian and Cyclist Models 152

Concluding Remarks 152

Chapter 9 Ground Contact Injuries 159

Introduction 159

Relative Severity of Ground Versus Vehicle Impact 161

Variability of Ground Contact 162

Vehicle Impact Speed Effects 163

Influence of Vehicle Design 165

Possible Methods to Reduce Ground Contact Injuries 168

Concluding Remarks 169

Chapter 10 The Influence of Vehicle Design on Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries 171

Introduction 171

Definitions 172

Influence of Vehicle Mass 175

Influence of Vehicle Stiffness 176

Influence of Overall Vehicle Shape 178

Bumper Shape 181

Influence of Bumper Height on Whole-Body Kinematics 184

Secondary Bumper 185

Bumper Lead 187

Bumper Stiffness 187

Bullbars 189

Shape of Bonnet and Bonnet Leading Edge 189

Bonnet Leading Edge Stiffness 189

Head Impact on the Bonnet/Windscreen 194

Evaluation of Production Vehicles via Proposed Pedestrian Safety Regulations 200

Concluding Remarks 203

Chapter 11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 209

Introduction 209

Epidemiology and In-Depth Crash Injury Studies 209

Kinematics 211

Population Variations to Injury and Disability Outcomes 212

Modelling and Simulation 213

Cost Benefit Calculations of Future Gains for Pedestrians and Cyclists 214

Immediate Problems of Pedestrians and Cyclists in Low Income Countries 214

Seperation of Fast Flowing Traffic from Pedestrians and Cyclists 215

Reduction of Vehicle Impact Speed with Pedestrians and Cyclists 215

Implementation of Pedestrian Friendly Front-End Design in Those Vehicles Which Are Most Likely to Collide with Pedestrians and Cyclists 216

Design Requirements for Future Vehicles 216

Requirements for a Global Pedestrian/Cyclist Friendly Standard 217

Conclusion 218.

ISBN:

9789048127429

9048127424

OCLC:

401157627