Modelling ocean climate variability / by Artem S. Sarkisyan and Jürgen E. Sündermann.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Sarkisi︠a︡n, A. S. (Artem Sarkisovich)

Contributor:

Sündermann, Jürgen.

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ocean circulation.

Marine meteorology.

Climatic changes.

Ocean circulation--Mathematical models.

Marine meteorology--Mathematical models.

Physical Description:

xiv, 374 pages, 32 pages of plates : illustrations (some color), maps (some color) ; 24 cm

Other Title:

Modeling ocean climate variability

Place of Publication:

[Dordrecht] : Springer, [2009]

Summary:

In this wide-ranging and comprehensive review of the historical development and current status of ocean circulation models, the analysis extends from simple analytical approaches to the latest high-resolution numerical models with data assimilation. The authors, both of whom are pioneer scientists in ocean and shelf sea modeling, look back at the evolution of Western and Eastern modelling methodologies during the second half of the last century. They also present the very latest information on ocean climate modelling and offer examples for a number of oceans and shelf seas.

The book includes a critical analysis of literature on ocean climate variability modelling, as well as assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the best-known modelling techniques. It also anticipates future developments in the field, focusing on models based on a synthesis of numerical simulation and field observation, and on nonlinear thermodynamic model data synthesis.

Contents:

1 Mathematical Background and Methods of Ocean Modelling 1

1.1 Classical Problems of Marine Dynamics: Equations, Initial and Boundary Conditions 2

1.1.1 Equations, Initial and Boundary Conditions of Ocean and Sea General Circulation 2

1.1.2 Some Comments on the Boundary Conditions 5

1.1.3 Some Comments on the Initial Conditions 6

1.1.4 Total Energy Conservation 6

1.1.5 Parameterization of Subscale Physical Processes 7

1.2 Solvability of Ocean/Sea Dynamics Problems 8

1.2.1 Linear Model of Small Oscillations in the Ocean with Stable Stratification 8

1.2.2 Linear Stationary Model of Ocean Dynamics With Turbulent Exchange Parameterization 9

1.2.3 Prognostic Nonlinear Problem of Ocean General Circulation 10

1.2.4 Prognostic Nonlinear Problem of Ocean General Circulation With Parameterization of Deep Convection 11

1.3 Alternative and Generalized Models of the General Circulation in Oceans and Shelf Seas 12

1.3.1 Model Based on the Nonlinear Shallow-Water Equations 12

1.3.2 Ocean General Circulation Model in the a - Coordinate System 13

1.3.3 Generalized Model of Sea Dynamics With a Free Surface in the o-Coordinate System 15

1.4 Numerical Methods 16

1.4.1 The Choice of a Differential Formulation of the Problem 17

1.4.2 Methods of Spatial Approximation 18

1.4.3 Methods for Discrete Time Integration 20

1.4.4 The Method of Weak Approximation (Splitting of the Differential Problem) 21

1.5 Forward and Adjoint Models 22

1.5.1 Data Assimilation Problem 22

1.5.2 Initialization Problem 24

1.6 Advances and Trends in Mathematical Modelling of Marine and Oceanic Currents 26

References 27

2 Simple Linear Models for Diagnostic Calculation of Ocean Climate Characteristics 31

2.1 Basic Equations 31

2.2 Simple Diagnostic Models for Ocean Characteristics Calculation 32

2.2.1 Geostrophic Flow 32

2.2.2 Simple Linear Model for Diagnostic Calculation in the Ocean Equatorial Region (The Model D|) 34

2.2.3 Simple Linear Model for Diagnostic Calculations in the Ocean Extraequatorial Regions (The Model Di'1?) 40

2.2.4 Final Formulation, Comparison and Qualitative Analysis of Models D1? and D'1? 47

2.2.5 Simple Linear Model for Diagnostic Calculations by Using Mass Transport Stream Function (The Model D1?”) 51

2.3 Are The Sverdrup Relation and the Dynamic (Reference-Level) Method Still Up-To-Date? 53

2.3.1 Westward, Equatorward, Coastward and Other Kinds of Intensifications in Baroclinic Basins with Variable Depth 53

2.3.2 Contradiction Between the Dynamic (Reference Level) Method and the Sverdrup Relation 56

2.3.3 A Short Note on the Ocean Modelling First Steps 60

2.3.4 Brief List of the Main Results of Diagnostic Calculations 63

References 66

3 Nonlinear Models for Diagnostic, Prognostic and Adjustment Calculations of Ocean Climate Characteristics 67

3.1 Nonlinear Models Based on Sea Surface Height Calculations 67

3.1.1 The Equation of Vorticity 67

3.1.2 The Divergence Equation 70

3.2| Nonlinear Extraequatorial Model Based on the Mass Transport Stream Function Calculation 71

3.3 Quasianalytical Version of One Nonlinear Model 76

3.4 Comments on Different Approaches and Different Integral Equations Used in Ocean Modelling 80

3.5 A Brief Analysis of Prognostic Calculations 85

3.6 On the Intercalibration of Models 95

References 99

4 Synthesis of Models and Observed Data 103

4.1 Energetics of Ocean's Hydrophysical Characteristics Mutual Adjusting Processes 103

4.1.1 Introduction 103

4.1.2 Characteristics of the Model and Numerical Experiments 104

4.1.3 Results of Adjustment Calculation 110

4.2 Ocean Modelling Experiments by General Adjustment (OMEGA) 116

4.3 Hydrodynamic Method for WOCE Data Processing and Assimilation 118

4.3.1 Synthesis of Model and Observation Data 118

4.3.2 Results of Experiments 119

4.3.3 Computation Results 120

4.3.4 Discussion and Conclusions 124

4.4 Four-Dimensional Analysis of Hydrophysical Ocean and Sea Fields 127

4.4.1 Introduction 127

4.4.2 Differential Equations and the Kalman Filter 128

4.4.3 Synchronization and Monitoring of Hydrophysical Fieldsin the Newfoundland Energy Active Zone 132

4.4.4 Numerical Experiments on the Estimation Accuracyof the Four-Dimensional Analysis Procedure 135

4.4.5 Four-Dimensional Analysis of Hydrophysical Fieldsin the Tropical Atlantic 140

4.4.6 Algorithm for Altimeter Data Assimilation: Numerical Experiments and Some Reconstructions of Hydrophysical Fields in the Black Sea from Topex/Poseidon Altimetry 143

References 149

5 Modelling of Climate Variability in Selected Ocean Basins 153

5.1 Numerical Simulation of in the Arctic-North Atlantic System 153

5.1.1 Introduction 153

5.1.2 Sea-Ice Dynamics 155

5.1.3 Simulation of the Coupled Arctic Ocean-North Atlantic Circulation System 161

5.1.4 Numerical Simulation of Tracer Propagation 163

5.1.5 Propagation of Fresh Water from Siberian Rivers and Pacific Waters of the Bering Straits 164

5.1.6 Conclusions 169

5.1.7 Latest Results of Arctic Ocean Modelling and Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) 170

5.2 The Gulf Stream 175

5.2.1 Modelling the Gulf Stream in the DYNAMO Experiment 175

5.2.2 Crossing the Rubicon in Modelling the North Atlantic Dynamics 178

5.3 Pacific Ocean Circulation and Tracer Transport Modelling 186

5.3.1 Water Circulation Modelling 186

5.3.2 Numerical Modelling of Tracer Spreading in the North Pacific Ocean 194

5.4 The Indian Ocean 201

5.4.1 The Indian Ocean Descriptive Hydrometeorology 201

5.4.2 Indian Ocean Climate Variability Modelling 208

References 219

6 Modelling Climate Variability of Selected Shelf Seas 225

6.1 The North Sea 225

6.1.1 Introduction 225

6.1.2 Special Features of North Sea Modelling 227

6.1.3 Example of a Realistic Simulation: The Variable Heat Budget of the North Sea 232

6.2 The White Sea 234

6.2.1 Introduction 234

6.2.2 Y. Semenov's Model 235

6.2.3 The Results of Calculations 241

6.3 The Caspian Sea 245

6.3.1 Introduction 245

6.3.2 Model Description 250

6.3.3 External Forcing 255

6.3.4 Seasonal Variability of the Caspian Sea Dynamics 261

6.3.5 Sensitivity Experiments 275

6.3.6 Summary and Conclusions 279

6.4 The Black Sea 280

6.4.1 The Black Sea Descriptive Hydrophysics 280

6.4.2 Modelling the Variability of Black Sea Physical Characteristics 291

6.4.3 Modelling the Seasonal Variability of Black Sea Climatic Characteristics by Means of Four-Dimensional Analysis 301

6.4.4 Data Assimilation by the Method of Double Correction 313.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

9781402092077

1402092075

1402092083

9781402092084

OCLC:

288985974