Road pricing, the economy, and the environment / Chris Jensen-Butler ... [and others], editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Jensen-Butler, Christopher.

John Lammey Stewart Memorial Library Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Congestion pricing.

Roads--Finance.

Roads.

Physical Description:

xv, 425 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin : Springer, 2008.

Contents:

In Memory of Professor Chris Jensen-Butler v

2 Road Pricing in Europe - A Review of Research and Practice / Esko Niskanen, Chris Nash 5

2.2 The Current Situation 6

2.2.2 Current Pricing Policies at National Level 7

2.2.3 EU Pricing Policy 8

2.2.4 The Need for Pricing Policy Reform 9

2.3 Key Issues, Concepts and Approaches 10

2.3.1 The Goals of Road Pricing 10

2.3.2 Theoretical Approaches to Road Pricing 11

2.3.3 Practical Approaches and Instruments 12

2.4 Road Pricing in Practice in Urban Transport 14

2.4.1 Current Schemes in Urban Transport Pricing 14

2.4.2 Barriers on Urban Road Pricing 15

2.4.3 The Next Steps in Urban Road Pricing 18

2.5 Road Pricing in Practice in Interurban Transport 19

2.5.1 Current Schemes in Interurban Transport 19

2.5.2 Barriers in Interurban Road Pricing 21

2.5.3 The Next Steps in Interurban Road Pricing 22

2.6.1 Lessons from Research 22

2.6.2 Lessons from Practical Experience: What Next? 24

3 Road Pricing: Consequences for Traffic, Congestion and Location / Lars-Goran Mattsson 29

3.2 Application of a Zone-Based Road Pricing System to Stockholm 31

3.2.1 Scenarios 31

3.2.2 Modelling Approach 32

3.2.3 Transport Effects 33

3.3 Application of a Distance-Based Road Pricing System to Stockholm 37

3.3.1 Scenarios 37

3.3.2 Modelling Approach 38

3.3.3 Transport Effects 38

3.4 Application of Optimal Congestion Pricing to a Generic City 40

3.4.1 Modelling Approach 40

3.4.2 Scenarios 42

3.4.3 Transport and Location Effects 43

4 Implementation Paths for Marginal Cost-Based Pricing in Urban Transport: Theoretical Considerations and Case Study Results / Erik T. Verhoef, C. Robin Lindsey, Esko Niskanen, Andre de Palma, Paavo Moilanen, Stef Proost, Arild Vold 49

4.2 Implementation Paths: Motivation and Theory 50

4.2.1 Barriers 51

4.2.2 Constraints on Pricing 53

4.2.3 Correspondence Between Barriers and Constraints 54

4.3 Formulating Implementation Paths 56

4.4 Description of the MC-ICAM Urban Case Studies 58

4.4.1 The Paris Case Study 58

4.4.2 The Brussels Case Study 60

4.4.3 The Helsinki Case Study 61

4.4.4 The Greater Oslo Case Study 61

4.4.5 Assessment of the Case Studies 61

4.5 Implementation Paths in the Case Studies 62

4.5.1 Paris 65

4.5.2 Brussels 65

4.5.3 Helsinki 66

4.5.4 Greater Oslo 67

4.5.5 Role of Barriers and Constraints in the Case Study Implementation Paths 68

4.6 Case Study Findings 68

4.6.1 Main Results 68

4.6.2 Some Specific Issues 73

4.7.2 Theoretical vs. Practical Approaches to the IPs 76

4.7.3 Questions of Priority and Timing 76

4.7.4 Other Limitations of the Case Studies 77

5 The London Congestion Charging Scheme: The Evidence / John Peirson, Roger Vickerman 79

5.2 Background to the LCCS 79

5.3 The Working of the LCCS 82

5.4 Theory of Area Pricing 83

5.5 Evidence on LCCS 84

5.6 Interpretation of the Evidence 85

5.7 Extension of LCCS Area 87

5.8 Relevance to Other Urban Road Pricing Schemes 87

6 The AKTA Road Pricing Experiment in Copenhagen / Otto Anker Nielsen, Majken Vildrik Sorensen 93

6.2 Design of the Experiment 94

6.2.1 Survey Setup 95

6.2.2 Pricing Schemes 96

6.3.1 Problems with the GPS Technology 98

6.3.2 Adding a Third Round 99

6.4 General Results 100

6.4.1 Socioeconomic Variables for AKTA Participants 100

6.4.2 Experience and Attitudes Towards Road Pricing 101

6.4.3 The General Population Survey of Attitudes Towards Road Pricing 103

6.5 Behavioural Changes and AKTA: The Main Results 105

6.6.1 GPS Technology 107

6.6.2 The Main Experimental Design 107

6.6.3 Changes in Behaviour and Evaluation of Different Pricing Schemes 108

6.6.4 Attitudes Towards Road Pricing 108

7 Experience with Measuring Equity and Efficiency: A Case from Oslo / Farideh Ramjerdi, Knut Ostmoe, Harald Minken 111

7.2 Equity Measures 113

7.2.1 Properties of Equity Measures 114

7.2.2 Some Inequality Measures 115

7.3 Evaluation of Alternative Packages of Instruments for Oslo 117

7.4 A Sensitivity Analysis of MCF 122

7.5 An Evaluation of the Equity Implications of an "Optimal" Package 123

8 Transport Costs in a Multiregional Equilibrium Job Search Model / Morten Marott Larsen, Ninette Pilegaard, Jos van Ommeren 133

8.2 The Basic Model 136

8.2.1 The Matching Model 136

8.2.2 Job Destruction 137

8.2.3 Equilibrium Employment and Unemployment 137

8.2.4 Job Creation 138

8.2.5 Workers 138

8.2.6 The Spatial Wage Equation 138

8.2.7 Reservation Commuting Costs 139

8.3 Simulations with the Fundamental Model 140

8.4 Theoretical Extensions 141

8.4.1 Road Pricing and Regional Distributional Effects 144

8.4.2 The Case of Zealand 154

9 Evaluation of the Introduction of Road Pricing Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model / Knud J. Munk 167

9.2 The Theoretical Model 168

9.3 Application of the Theory of Public Economics to the Taxation of Transport and Investment in Transport Infrastructure 170

9.3.1 Taking into Account that Leisure Travel is Complementary to Leisure 171

9.3.2 Taking into Account that Transport is Associated with Externalities 172

9.3.3 Taking into Account that Leisure Travel is Predominately Consumed by Households with a Relatively High Income 172

9.3.4 Reasons for Taxing Transport Higher than Other Goods 173

9.3.5 The Optimal Size of the Transport Infrastructure 173

9.3.6 The Effect of the Introduction of Road Pricing on the Optimal Taxation of Transport and the Optimal Provision of Transport Infrastructure 173

9.3.7 The Introduction of Road Pricing will be Associated with a Double Dividend 174

9.4 The Parameterised Model 175

9.4.1 Specification of Functional Forms for Free Road Capacity and Environmental Externalities 175

9.4.2 Specification of Household Preferences 176

9.4.3 Real Income and Social Welfare 177

9.5 The Specification of the Parameterised Model 178

9.6 Presentation and Interpretation of Simulation Results 180

9.6.1 Consequence Analysis 180

9.6.2 Project Evaluation 183

9.6.3 Optimality Analysis 184

10 Efficiency and Equity Considerations in Road Pricing / Harald Minken, Farideh Ramjerdi 193

10.2 Aspects of Equity 195

10.3 Indicators of Equity 197

10.4 Equity, Efficiency and Modelling 201

10.5 Optimal Road Pricing Subject to Equity Constraints 203

10.6 Solving the Optimisation Problem 204

11 Modelling the Economy, Transport and Environment Triangle, with an Application to Dutch Maglev Projects / Jan Oosterhaven, J.

Paul Elhorst 207

11.2 The Different Nature of the Three Types of Interaction 208

11.3 Modelling Environmental Impacts 210

11.4 Modelling Transport-Economy Interactions 211

11.5 An Application of Dutch Maglev Proposals 214

11.5.2 Modelling the Interaction Between the Economy and the Transport System 217

11.5.3 A Welfare Evaluation of External Effects 221

12 A Systems Approach to Modelling the Regional Economic Effects of Road Pricing / Bjarne Madsen, Chris Jensen-Butler, Jacob Kronbak, Steen Leleur 229

12.2 A Systems Approach to Regional and Sub-Regional Economic Modelling 232

12.2.1 Data and Accounting Principles 232

12.2.2 Modelling Principles 232

12.2.3 Optimal Model Structure 235

12.2.4 A Loosely Coupled Model for Transport and Agriculture 235

12.3 The Linking Procedures 237

12.3.1 Linking the Models Within the Transport Sector 237

12.3.2 Linking the Transport and Regional Economic Models 240

12.4 LINE: the Full Model, a Graphical Presentation 242

12.4.1 The Dimensions of LINE 245

12.5 Road Pricing and Modelling its Impacts 247

12.5.1 Road Pricing 247

12.6 Results from the Danish Road Pricing Toll Study 247

12.6.1 Changes in Transport Costs 248

12.6.2 Changes in Commodity Prices and Disposable Incomes 251

12.6.3 Changes in Demand, Production and Income 253

12.6.4 Changes in Employment and Income 253

12.6.5 Recycling the Revenue from Road Pricing: a Balanced Budget 256

12.7 Limitations of the Model and Future Development Strategies 259

13 External Effects and Road Charging / Jeppe Rich, Otto Anker Nielsen 267

13.2 External Effects: Background 268

13.3 Demand Effect from Road Charging 270

13.3.1 Charging and Demand: Experience from London, Stockholm and Copenhagen 270

13.4 Internalisation of External Effects Through Road Charging 272

13.4.1 Road Safety 272

13.4.2 Traffic Noise 273

13.4.3 Emission 274

14 Assessing the Impacts of Traffic Air Pollution on Human Exposure and Health / Ole Hertel, Steen Solvang Jensen, Martin Hvidberg, Matthias Ketzel, Ruwim Berkowicz, Finn Palmgren, Peter Wahlin, Marianne Glasius, Steffen Loft, Peter Vinzents, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Mette Sorensen, Helle Bak 277

14.2 Air Pollution in Urban Areas 278

14.2.1 Urban Background and Street Pollution 279

14.3 Air Pollution Exposure Assessment 280

14.4 Direct Methods for Exposure Assessment 280

14.5 Indirect Methods for Exposure Assessment 281

14.5.1 Monitoring Networks 281

14.5.2 Application of Models for Exposure Assessment 282

14.5.3 Modelling Long Range Transport of Pollution 282

14.5.4 Modelling Pollution in the Urban Background 284

14.5.5 Modelling Urban Street Pollution 285

14.5.6 Modelling Nitrogen Oxide Chemistry in Street and Urban Background 285

14.5.7 Determination of Emissions and Emission Factors 286

14.6 Particle Pollution 286

14.6.1 Source of Traffic Particles and Modelling 287

14.6.2 Other Particle Sources 289

14.7 Examples of Exposure Assessment in Danish Studies 290

14.7.1 Exposure of Bus Drivers and Postmen in Copenhagen 290

14.7.2 Exposure of Danish Children to Traffic Air Pollution 292

14.7.3 Personal Monitoring of Air Pollution Exposure in Copenhagen 292

14.7.4 Using GIS in Street Pollution Modelling for Exposure Assessment 293

14.8 Assessment of Health Effects of Air Pollution Exposure 296

15 Car Use Habits: An Obstacle to the Use of Public Transportation? / Berit Moller, John Thogersen 301

15.3 Data 304

15.4 Results 307

16 Road Pricing in Denmark - User Attitudes and User Reactions / Mai-Britt Herslund 315

16.2 User Studies of the FORTRIN project 316

16.2.1 Pricing Strategy 316

16.2.2 Test Population 317

16.2.3 Focus-Group Meetings 317

16.2.4 The Study by Questionnaires 319

16.2.5 Trip Logs 320

16.2.6 Conclusions of the FORTRIN Study 320

16.3 AKTA - the Road Pricing Study of Copenhagen 321

16.3.1 Design of the Study 321

16.3.2 Different User Studies 321

16.3.3 Results from Telephone Interviews 322

16.3.4 Pricing Schemes 324

16.3.5 Focus Groups 326

16.3.6 Key Results from Questionnaires 327

16.4 Overall Conclusions of the Two User Studies 329

17 A Cost-Minimisation Principle of Adaptation of Private Car Use in Response to Road Pricing Schemes / Peter Loukopoulos, Tommy Garling, Cecilia Jakobsson, Satoshi Fujii 331

17.2 Market-Based Travel Demand Management (TDM) Measures 332

17.3 Classification of Travel Demand Management (TDM) Measures 333

17.3.1 Coerciveness 334

17.3.2 Tow-Down vs. Bottom-Up Processes 335

17.3.3 Time SCale 335

17.3.4 Spatial Scale 336

17.3.5 Market-Based vs. Regulatory Mechanisms 336

17.3.6 Impacting Latent vs. Manifest Travel Demand 337

17.4 Theoretical Framework 338

17.5 Implications for the Effectiveness of TDM Measures 342

18 Car Users' Trade-Offs Between Time, Trip Length, Cost and Road Pricing in Behavioural Models / Otto Anker Nielsen, Goran Vuk 351

18.2 SP Design 352

18.3 Awareness of Travel Distance and Travel Time 354

18.4 SP Model Estimation 357

18.4.1 Model Formulation (Utility Functions) 357

18.4.2 Income Effect Models 361

18.4.3 Alternative Model Formulations 362

18.5 The RP Route Choice Model 362

18.5.1 Utility Function 363

18.5.2 Estimation 363

18.5.3 Within Person Variation 364

18.5.4 Between Person Variation 365

18.5.5 Estimation of the Impact of Road Pricing on Traffic 367

18.5.6 Income Effect 369

18.5.7 Other Explanatory Variables 370

18.6 Comparison Between SP and RP Models 371

19 The Impacts of e-Work and e-Commerce on Transport, the Environment and the Economy / Andy Lake 375

19.1 Being Active Without Moving 375

19.2 The UK Study 376

19.3 E-Work 377

19.4 E-Business and e-Commerce 380

19.5 Rebounds 383

19.6 Environment 385

19.7 Economic Growth, Transport Growth and European Policy 387

19.8 Future Research Directions 388

20 A Web-Based Study of the Propensity to Telework Based on Socio-Economic, Work Organisation and Spatial Factors / Lasse Moller-Jensen, Chris Jensen-Butler, Bjarne Madsen, Jeremy Millard, Lars Schmidt 395

20.2 Teleworking: Theoretical and Methodological Issues 396

20.2.1 Defining Teleworking 396

20.2.2 The Extent of Teleworking 397

20.2.3 Teleworking and Savings in Transport Effort 397

20.2.4 Modelling the Take-Up of Teleworking 398

20.2.5 Technology Issues 399

20.2.6 Long-Term Effects 399

20.3 The Determinants of Teleworking and Transport Substitution Effects 400

20.4 The Consequences for Travel of Working at Home 400

20.5 Determinants of Teleworking 401

20.5.1 Multivariate Relations 404

20.6 Long-Term Effects of Teleworking 406

21 The Impact of Telecommuting on Households' Travel Behaviour, Expenditures and Emissions / Andrea F. Glogger, Thomas W. Zangler, Georg Karg 411

21.2 Model 414

21.4 Results 417

21.4.1 Sample Characteristics 417

21.4.2 Travel Behaviour 417

21.4.3 Expenditures 419

21.4.4 Emissions 420.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the John Lammey Stewart Memorial Library Fund.

ISBN:

3540771492

9783540771494

OCLC:

191760117

Publisher Number:

99934794209