Optical refrigeration : science and applications of laser cooling of solids / edited by Richard Epstein and Mansoor Sheik-Bahae.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Epstein, Richard I.

Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Laser manipulation (Nuclear physics).

Laser cooling.

Solids--Cooling.

Solids.

Cooling.

Physical Description:

xv, 241 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, [2009]

Summary:

Edited by two top experts in the field with a panel of international contributors, this is a comprehensive up-to-date review of research and applications. Starting with the basic physical principles of laser cooling of solids, the monograph goes on to discuss the current theoretical issues being resolved and the increasing demands of growth and evaluation of high purity materials suitable for optical refrigeration, while also examining the design and applications of practical cryocoolers. An advanced text for scientists, researchers, engineers, and students (master students, Ph.Ds, and postdocs) in laser and optical material science, and cryogenics.

From the contents:

Optical Refrigeration in Solids: Fundamentals and Overview

Design and Fabrication of Rare-Earth-Doped Laser Cooling Materials

Laser Cooling in Fluoride Single Crystals

Er 3+ -Doped Materials for Solid-State Cooling

Laser Refrigerator Design and Applications

Microscopic Theory of Luminescence and its Application to the Optical Refrigeration of Semiconductors

Improving the Efficiency of Laser Cooling of Semiconductors by Means of Bandgap Engineering in Electronic and Photonic Domains

Thermodynamics of Optical Cooling of Bulk Matter

Contents:

1 Optical Refrigeration in Solids: Fundamentals and Overview / Richard I. Epstein, Mansoor Sheik-Bahae 1

1.1 Basic Concepts 1

1.2 The Four-Level Model for Optical Refrigeration 4

1.3 Cooling Rare-Earth-Doped Solids 7

1.4 Prospects for Laser Cooling in Semiconductors 12

1.5 Experimental Work on Optical Refrigeration in Semiconductors 21

1.6 Future Outlook 26

References 28

2 Design and Fabrication of Rare-Earth-Doped Laser Cooling Materials / Markus P. Hehlen 33

2.1 History of Laser Cooling Materials 33

2.2 Material Design Considerations 36

2.2.1 Active Ions 37

2.2.1.1 Rare-Earth Ions for Laser Cooling 37

2.2.1.2 Active Ion Concentration 39

2.2.2 Host Materials 40

2.2.2.1 Multiphonon Relaxation 40

2.2.2.2 Chemical Durability 42

2.2.2.3 Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties 42

2.2.2.4 Refractive Index 43

2.2.3 Material Purity 45

2.2.3.1 Vibrational Impurities 45

2.2.3.2 Metal-Ion Impurities 46

2.3 Preparation of High-Purity Precursors 48

2.3.1 Strategies for Preparing High-Purity Precursors 48

2.3.2 Process Conditions 50

2.3.2.1 Purity of Commercial Precursors 50

2.3.2.2 Process Equipment 50

2.3.2.3 Clean Environment 51

2.3.3 Material Purification 51

2.3.3.1 Filtration and Recrystallization 51

2.3.3.2 Solvent Extraction Using Chelating Agents 52

2.3.3.3 Fluorination and Drying in Hydrogen Fluoride Gas 54

2.3.3.4 Sublimation and Distillation 55

2.3.3.5 Electrochemical Purification 57

2.3.4 Determination of Trace Impurity Levels 57

2.4 Glass Fabrication 59

2.4.1 Glass Formation in ZrF₄ Systems 59

2.4.2 ZBLAN Glass Fabrication 62

2.4.2.1 Melting of the Starting Materials 62

2.4.2.2 Evaporative Losses 63

2.4.2.3 Dissolution and Homogenization 63

2.4.2.4 Optimum Rate of Cooling 63

2.4.2.5 Viscosity for Casting 64

2.4.2.6 Typical Glass Fabrication Parameters 64

2.4.3 Fluoride, Chloride, and Sulfide Glass Fabrication 65

2.5 Halide Crystal Growth 65

2.6 Promising Future Materials 66

2.6.1 Simplified Fluoride Glasses 67

2.6.2 Fluoride Crystals 67

2.6.3 Chloride and Bromide Crystals 68

References 68

3 Laser Cooling in Fluoride Single Crystals / Stefano Bigotta, Mauro Tonelli 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Physical Properties 77

3.3 Experimental 78

3.3.1 Growth Apparatus 78

3.3.2 Spectroscopic Setup 80

3.3.3 Cooling Setup 81

3.4 Spectroscopic Analysis 83

3.5 Cooling Results 87

3.5.1 Cooling Potential 87

3.5.2 Bulk Cooling 89

3.6 Conclusion 93

References 94

4 Er 3+ -Doped Materials for Solid-State Cooling / Joaquin Fernandez, Angel Garcia-Adeva, Rolindes Balda 97

4.1 Low Phonon Energy Materials 97

4.1.1 KPb₂Cl₅ Crystal 98

4.1.2 Fluorochloride Glasses 101

4.2 Internal Cooling Measurements 101

4.3 Bulk Cooling Measurements 105

4.4 Influence of Upconversion Processes on the Cooling Efficiency of Er 3+ 108

4.4.1 Spectroscopic Grounds: Upconversion Properties of Er 3+ Under Pumping in the ⁴I 9/2 Manifold 108

4.4.2 A Phenomenological Cooling Model Including Upconversion 111

References 114

5 Laser Refrigerator Design and Applications / Gary Mills, Mel Buchwald 117

5.1 Introduction 117

5.2 Modeling 119

5.3 Modeling Results 121

5.4 Design Issues 124

5.5 Mirror Heating 129

5.6 Applications 133

5.6.1 Comparison to Other Refrigeration Technologies 133

5.6.2 Vibration 133

5.6.3 Electromagnetic and Magnetic Noise 134

5.6.4 Reliability and Lifetime 134

5.6.5 Ruggedness 134

5.6.6 Cryocooler Mass and Volume 134

5.6.7 Efficiency and System Mass 134

5.6.8 Cost 136

5.7 Microcooling Applications 136

References 138

6 Microscopic Theory of Luminescence and its Application to the Optical Refrigeration of Semiconductors / Greg Rupper, Nai H. Kwong, Rolf Binder 139

6.1 Introduction 139

6.2 Microscopic Theory of Absorption and Luminescence 141

6.3 Cooling Theory 151

6.4 Cooling of Bulk GaAs 153

6.5 Cooling of GaAs Quantum Wells 159

6.6 Cooling of Doped Bulk Semiconductors 162

6.7 Conclusion 164

References 165

7 Improving the Efficiency of Laser Cooling of Semiconductors by Means of Bandgap Engineering in Electronic and Photonic Domains / Jacob B. Khurgin 169

7.1 Introduction 169

7.2 Engineering the Density of States Using Donor-Acceptor Transitions 171

7.3 Refrigeration Using Phonon-Assisted Transitions 174

7.4 Laser Cooling Using Type II Quantum Wells 180

7.5 Photonic Bandgap for Laser Cooling 186

7.6 Novel Means of Laser Cooling Using Surface Plasmon Polaritons 189

7.7 Conclusions 193

References 194

8 Thermodynamics of Optical Cooling of Bulk Matter / Carl E. Mungan 197

8.1 Introduction 197

8.2 Historical Review of Optical Cooling Thermodynamics 198

8.3 Quantitative Radiation Thermodynamics 204

8.4 Ideal and Actual Performance of Optical Refrigerators 214

8.5 Closing Remarks 225

References 230.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9783527408764

3527408762

OCLC:

302080495