Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants / Kishan Gopal Ramawat, Jean-Michel Mérillon, eds.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Ramawat, K. G.

Mérillon, J. M.

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biomolecules.

Medicinal plants.

Plants, Medicinal--chemistry.

Biological Products.

Phytotherapy.

Plant Extracts--metabolism.

Plant Extracts--pharmacology.

Medical Subjects:

Plants, Medicinal--chemistry.

Biological Products.

Phytotherapy.

Plant Extracts--metabolism.

Plant Extracts--pharmacology.

Physical Description:

xxiii, 379 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin : Springer, [2008]

Summary:

This book on medicinal plant biotechnology covers recent developments in this field including a comprehensive up to date survey on established medicinal plants and on molecules which gained importance in recent years. The contributing scientists have been selected on the basis of their involvement in the related plant material as evident by the internationally recognised published work. Bioactive molecules such as taxol, classes of compounds such as phytoestrogen and plant materials such as ginseng have all been included.

Contents:

1 Drug Discovery from Plants / A.A. Salim, Y.-W. Chin, A.D. Kinghorn

1.1 The Role of Plants in Human History 1

1.2 The Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in Drug Development 4

1.2.1 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Drug Precursors 4

1.2.2 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Drug Prototypes 6

1.2.3 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Pharmacological Probes 8

1.3 Recent Developments in Drug Discovery from Plants 9

1.3.1 New Plant-Derived Drugs Launched Since 2001 9

1.3.2 Examples of Plant-Derived Compounds Currently Involved in Clinical Trials 11

1.3.3 Plant Extracts Currently Involved in Clinical Trials 15

1.4 Recent Trends and Future Directions 18

2 Grapevine Stilbenes and Their Biological Effects / P. Waffo-Teguo, S. Krisa, T. Richard, J.-M. Merillon

2.2 Epidemiology 26

2.3 Chemistry of Stilbenes 27

2.3.1 Characterisation 27

2.3.1.1 Monomers 27

2.3.1.2 Oligomers 29

2.3.2 Biosynthetic Pathway 32

2.3.3 Distribution in Vitis vinifera 33

2.3.4 Determination of Stilbenes in Wine 33

2.4 Biological and Pharmacological Activities 35

2.4.1 Bioavailability and Metabolism 35

2.4.2 Cardiovascular Protection 39

2.4.2.1 Antioxidant Activity 39

2.4.2.2 Antithrombotic and Vasoprotective Properties 41

2.4.2.3 Biological Activities after Ingestion of Polyphenols or Wine 42

2.4.3 Cancer Chemoprevention 43

2.4.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases 46

3 Research into Isoflavonoid Phyto-oestrogens in Plant Cell Cultures / M.T. Luczkiewicz

3.2 The Influence of the Basic Experimental Media on the Biosynthesis of Isoflavones in In Vitro Cultures 57

3.3 The Influence of Physical Factors on the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Isoflavonoids in In Vitro Cultures 59

3.4 The Effect of Technological Procedures on the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Isoflavonoids in In Vitro Cultures 60

3.4.1 Elicitation 61

3.4.2 Supplementation with Biosynthesis Precursors 70

3.4.3 Biotransformation 71

3.4.4 Genetic Modifications 73

3.5 In Vitro Cultures of Legume Plants Oriented for Selective Production of Phyto-oestrogens 77

4 Secondary Metabolite Production from Plant Cell Cultures: the Success Stories of Rosmarinic Acid and Taxol / S. Kintzios

4.1 Introduction: Cell Factories at the Cross Point 86

4.2 Rosmarinic Acid 87

4.2.2 Historical Development of In Vitro RA Production - a Brief Overview 87

4.2.3 Stimulation of Biosynthetic Pathways Leads to Enhanced RA Accumulation In Vitro 88

4.2.4 Is RA Biosynthesis Growth Dependent? 89

4.2.5 Is RA Accumulation Related to Culture Differentiation? 90

4.2.6 Recent Attempts to Scale Up RA Production 91

4.2.7 RA Production in Immobilized Cell Cultures 92

4.3 Taxol 92

4.3.2 Historical Development of In Vitro Taxol Production - a Brief Overview 93

4.3.3 Stimulation of Biosynthetic Pathways Leads to Enhanced Taxol Accumulation In Vitro 94

4.3.4 Is Taxol Biosynthesis Growth and Differentiation Dependent? 96

4.3.5 Recent Attempts to Scale Up Taxol Production 97

4.3.6 Taxol Production in Immobilized Cell Cultures 97

5 Guggulsterone: a Potent Natural Hypolipidemic Agent from Commiphora wightii - Problems, Perseverance, and Prospects / K. G. Ramawat, M. Mathur, S. Dass, S. Suthar

5.2 Distribution 102

5.3 Biology 102

5.4 Gum-Resin Production 103

5.5 Chemistry 104

5.6 Methods of Analysis 104

5.6.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography 104

5.6.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 109

5.7 Traditional Therapeutic Uses 109

5.8 Pharmacology 110

5.8.1 Animal and Clinical Trials 110

5.8.2 Mechanism of Action 111

5.8.3 Other Potential Activities 112

5.8.4 Toxicity 113

5.9 Biotechnological Approaches 113

5.9.1 Micropropagation 113

5.9.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 114

5.9.3 Resin Canal Formation 115

5.9.4 Guggulsterone Production 115

5.10 Future Prospects 119

6 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn: the Source of Silymarin / P. Corchete

6.2 Botany 125

6.3 Chemical Composition of S. marianum Fruits 126

6.4 Pharmacology of Silymarin 130

6.4.1 Mechanisms of Action 131

6.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity 131

6.4.1.2 Effects on Hepatocyte Membranes and Cellular Permeability 131

6.4.1.3 Effects on Receptor Binding of Toxins and Drugs 131

6.4.1.4 Stimulation of Protein Synthesis 132

6.4.1.5 Inhibition of Cell Proliferation in Hepatic Fibrosis 132

6.4.1.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity 132

6.4.2 Pharmacological Applications 132

6.4.2.1 Hepatoprotective Action 132

6.4.2.2 Hypocholesterolemic Action 134

6.4.2.3 Chemopreventive and Anticarcinogenic Effects 134

6.4.2.4 Anti-inflammatory Action 136

6.4.2.5 Other Actions 137

6.4.3 Bioavailability 138

6.4.4 Toxicology 139

6.4.5 Therapeutics 139

6.5 Biotechnology 140

7 The Production of Dianthrones and Phloroglucinol Derivatives in St. John's Wort / A. Kirakosyan, D.M. Gibson, P.B. Kaufman

7.2 Dianthrone and Phloroglucinol Derivatives Family of Compounds in Hypericum perforatum 150

7.2.1 Botany of Hypericum 152

7.2.2 Medicinal Uses of Hypericin and Hyperforin 152

7.3 Biotechnology for the Production of Hypericin and Hyperforin 154

7.3.1 Biosynthesis of Hypericin and Hyperforin in Mature Plants 154

7.3.2 Plant Cell Biotechnology 156

7.3.3 Influences on Hypericin and Hyperforin Productivity by Other Factors 159

7.3.4 New Directions for Hypericin and Hyperforin Production 161

8 Production of Alkaloids in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures / D. Laurain-Mattar

8.2 Correlation Between Organogenesis, Somatic Embryogenesis and Isoquinoline Alkaloid Accumulation 168

8.3 Hairy Roots and Tropane and Morphinan Alkaloid Accumulation 170

9 Bacopa monnieri, a Nootropic Drug / M. Rajani

9.2 Chemical Constituents 176

9.3 Analysis of Saponins of B. monnieri 184

9.3.1 Pharmacological Studies 184

9.3.2 Clinical Studies 188

9.4 Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Studies on B. monniera 190

10 Chemical Profiling of Nothapodytes nimmoniana for Camptothecin, an Important Anticancer Alkaloid: Towards the Development of a Sustainable Production System / R. Uma Shaanker, B.T. Ramesha, G. Ravikanth, R.P. Gunaga, R. Vasudeva, K.N. Ganeshaiah

10.2 N. nimmoniana: Ecology and Distribution 201

10.3 Basic Patterns of Accumulation of CPT in N. nimmoniana 203

10.4 Chemical Profiling of Populations of N. nimmoniana for CPT 204

10.5 Modeling Habitat Suitability for CPT Production 207

10.6 Development of a Sustainable Extraction Approach 209

11 Colchicine - an Overview for Plant Biotechnologists / S. Ghosh, S. Jha

11.2 The Alkaloid Colchicine 218

11.3 Toxicity of Colchicine 218

11.4 Biological Effects of Colchicine 219

11.5 Colchicine as a Medicine 222

11.6 Botanical Use of Colchicine 222

11.7 Chemistry of Colchicine 223

11.8 Occurrence 225

11.9 Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of Colchicine 225

12 In Vitro Azadirachtin Production / S. Srivastava, A.K. Srivastava

12.2 Chemistry of Azadirachtin 236

12.3 Mode of Action of Azadirachtin 237

12.4 Biosynthetic Pathway for Azadirachtin 238

12.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Azadirachtin 238

12.6 Availability of Azadirachtin 242

12.7 Plant Cell/Tissue Culture: an Alternative for Azadirachtin Production 243

12.7.1 Azadirachtin Production from Plant Cell/Tissue Cultures of Azadirachta indica 243

12.7.2 Yield Improvement Strategies 244

12.7.2.1 Strain Improvement and Selection 245

12.7.2.2 Media Compositions and Culture Conditions 245

12.7.2.3 Application of Elicitors, Precursors and Permeabilising Agents 246

12.7.2.4 Genetic Engineering Approach 247

12.7.2.5 Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration 248

12.7.2.6 Two-Phase (Stage) Systems 248

12.7.2.7 Immobilisation 248

12.8 Stability of Azadirachtin 249

12.9 Scale-up of In Vitro Azadirachtin Production 249

13 Arabinogalactan Protein and Arabinogalactan: Biomolecules with Biotechnological and Therapeutic Potential / A.

Pal

13.2 Biological Activities of AGP 259

13.3 Role of AGPs in Reproductive Organ Development 261

13.4 Signaling Role of AGP 262

13.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance Conferred by AGP 263

13.6 Probable Role in PCD 263

13.7 Commercial Uses of Gum Arabic 264

13.8 AG as Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics 264

13.9 AG as Immunomodulators and Immunity Enhancers 265

13.10 Echinacea-AG as a Nutraceutical 266

13.11 Other Uses of AG 266

13.12 Scope of Exploiting the Potentials of AGP and AG in Plant Biotechnology and Therapeutics 267

14 Hairy Roots: a Powerful Tool for Plant Biotechnological Advances / S. Guillon, J. Tremouillaux-Guiller, P.K. Pati, P. Gantet

14.2 Hairy Roots Are on the Way to towards an Experimental Model 272

14.3 Improvement in the Productivity of Hairy Roots: Biotic and Abiotic Treatments or Metabolite Trapping 275

14.4 Potential Discovery of Metabolic Genes from Transcriptome Analysis of T-DNA Activation Tagging or Elicited Hairy Roots 277

14.5 RNA Silencing via Hairy Root: a Powerful Tool for Loss-of-Function Analyses of Genes 277

14.6 Metabolic Engineering of the Hairy Root System 278

14.7 Hairy Roots: A Novel System for Molecular Farming 279

14.8 Phytoremediation Process for Cleaning up the Environment and More Knowledge on Root Adsorption 279

14.9 Scale up and Technological Integration into Industry 280

15 Hairy Roots of Catharanthus roseus: Efficient Routes to Monomeric Indole Alkaloid Production / S. Guillon, P. Gantet, M. Thiersault, M. Rideau, J. Tremouillaux-Guiller

15.2 Materials and Methods 286

15.2.1 Bacterial Strain 286

15.2.2 Plant Material 287

15.2.3 Hairy Root Induction 287

15.2.4 Liquid Hairy Root Culture 287

15.2.5 Methyl Jasmonate Treatment 287

15.2.6 Alkaloid Identification by Ceric Ammonium Sulphate Reagent 288

15.2.7 Serpentine and Ajmalicine Content Determination by Spectrofluorometry 288

15.2.8 Catharanthine Content Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis 288

15.2.9 Statistical Analysis 289

15.3 Results and Discussion 289

15.3.1 Genetic Transformation of Catharanthus Leaves 289

15.3.2 Alkaloid Profiles 291

15.3.3 Alkaloid Contents 292

16 Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.): Effect of Internal and External Factors on Accumulation of Biologically Active Compounds / Z. Weglarz, J.L. Przybyl, A. Geszprych

16.2 Plant Characteristics 298

16.3 Intraspecific Variability 300

16.3.1 Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Rhizomes and Roots 300

16.3.2 Quality of Raw Material of Different Origin 303

16.3.3 Individual Variation 304

16.4 Accumulation of Biomass and Biologically Active Compounds in the Underground Organs of Roseroot During Plant Development 305

16.5 Effect of Ecological Factors on the Accumulation of Biomass and Biologically Active Compounds in the Underground Organs of Roseroot 308

16.6 Effect of Post-harvest Treatment on the Quality of Raw Material and Extracts 310

17 Apoptosis and Plant-Derived Pharmaceuticals / L.F. Brisson

17.1.1 Molecular Regulation of Apoptosis 317

17.2 Plant Antitumoral Substances 318

17.2.1 Plant Substances 318

17.2.2 Chemotherapeutic Drugs 319

17.2.2.1 Taxanes 319

17.2.2.2 Vinca Alkaloids 320

17.2.3 Chemopreventive Agents: Catechin and its Derivatives 321

18 The Indian Herbal Drugs Scenario in Global Perspectives / K.G. Ramawat, S. Goyal

18.2 Indian System of Medicine 328

18.3 World-Wide Use of Medicinal Aromatic Plants 336

18.4 Supply and Demand of Medicinal Plants 337

18.5 Medicinal Plant Biodiversity 338

18.6 Traditional Medicine in Healthcare 340

18.7 Indian Pharmaceutical Industries 341

18.8 Quality of Herbal Drugs 342

19 Phytochemical Standardization of Herbal Drugs and Polyherbal Formulations / M. Rajani, N.S. Kanaki

19.1.1 Herbal drugs 349

19.1.2 Trade Scenario 350

19.1.3 Bottlenecks and Steps to be Taken 350

19.1.4 Strategy 351

19.1.5 Status of Herbal Drugs in Pharmacopoeias 351

19.1.5.1 Official 352

19.1.5.2 Others 352

19.2 Phytochemical Standardization 352

19.2.1 Sample Preparation 353

19.2.2 Preliminary Screening for Chemical Groups and Quantification of Chemical Groups 354

19.2.3 Phytochemical Profiles - Fingerprinting 354

19.2.3.1 Multiple Marker-Based Fingerprinting 355

19.2.4 Marker Compound Analysis 357

19.2.4.1 Marker Compounds 357

19.2.4.2 Quantification of Marker Compounds 357

19.2.5 Multiple Marker-Based Evaluation 358

19.2.6 Polyherbal Formulations 359

19.2.7 Hyphenated Techniques 361

19.2.8 Reference Compounds 364

19.3.1 Raw Material 364

19.3.1.1 Ammoniacum Gum 364

19.3.1.2 Cinchona officinalis Stem Bark 365

19.3.2 Formulation 366

19.3.2.1 Chandraprabhavati 366.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

9783540746003

3540746005

OCLC:

220857958