Redox metabolism and longevity relationships in animals and plants / edited by Christine H. Foyer, Richard Faragher, Paul J. Thornalley.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Foyer, Christine H.

Faragher, Richard.

Thornalley, Paul J.

Series:

SEB experimental biology series ; 62.

Experimental biology reviews

SEB experimental biology series ; 62

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Animals--Longevity.

Animals.

Plants--Longevity.

Plants.

Oxidation-reduction reaction.

Energy metabolism.

Aging--physiology.

Longevity--physiology.

Oxidation-Reduction.

Plant Physiological Phenomena.

Medical Subjects:

Aging--physiology.

Animals.

Longevity--physiology.

Oxidation-Reduction.

Plant Physiological Phenomena.

Physical Description:

xx, 281 pages, 6 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm.

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

New York : Taylor & Francis Group, 2009.

Summary:

This volume reviews current concepts concerning cellular redox homeostatis and ageing in animals and plants, relationships to programmed cell death, the production of oxidants and dicarbonyls, the ways that different organisms perceive and respond to oxidative, nitration and glycation challenges, and how this might be intricately connected to ageing and lifespan.

Each chapter is written by a respected scientist providing both graduate and post doctoral researchers with an excellent account of the various issues relating to the increasingly ageing population.

Contents:

1 What can we learn from the cross-species biology of ageing? / Richard G.A. Faragher 1

1 Introduction: What is ageing and why should we care? 1

2 Why does ageing happen? 2

3 How does ageing happen? 4

3.1 Who's afraid of `free' radicals? 6

3.2 Replicative senescence causes ageing: Definitely maybe 7

4 Strengths and weaknesses of a cross-species approach 9

4.1 Short-lived ageing models 9

4.2 Long-lived ageing models 10

4.3 Hypothesis testing using comparative biology 11

5 Unsolved questions in the cross-species biology of ageing 11

References 12

2 Rebirth and death: Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in seeds / Paul C. Bethke 17

1 Introduction 17

1.1 Seed germination and dormancy 17

1.2 The structure of Arabidopsis seeds and barley grains 18

1.3 Abscisic acid and gibberellins are central to dormancy and germination 18

2 Nitric oxide lessens dormancy in Arabidopsis seeds and barley grains 19

3 The aleurone layer is a site of NO perception, response and synthesis 20

4 GA synthesis and response act downstream of NO to promote germination 22

4.1 Transcription of genes required for GA synthesis 22

4.2 Weakening of aleurone cell walls by secreted enzymes 22

5 The role of the aleurone layer after germination is species dependent 23

6 GA promotes and ABA inhibits programmed cell death of barley aleurone cells 23

7 Programmed cell death results from damage by ROS 24

7.1 Sensitivity to antioxidants and reactive oxygen species 24

7.2 Decreased capacity to metabolize reactive oxygen species 25

8 ROS production is a consequence of lipid breakdown 26

9 Nitric oxide acts as an antioxidant and delays programmed cell death in barley aleurone cells 27

10 Concluding remarks 28

References 28

3 Ageing and oxidants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans / David Gems 31

1 Testing the oxidative damage theory of ageing in C. elegans 31

2 Metabolic rate and ageing in C. elegans 32

2.1 Effects of temperature on lifespan 33

2.2 Metabolic rate in long-lived nematodes 33

2.3 Differences in energy metabolism between C. elegans and vertebrates 34

3 Mitochondria and ageing in C. elegans 34

3.1 Mitochondria, superoxide and ageing 34

3.2 Effects of mitochondrial electron transport chain defects on ageing 35

3.3 Superoxide production in mitochondrial effects on ageing 37

3.4 Uncoupling proteins and ageing 39

4 Reactive oxygen species and ageing in C. elegans 40

4.1 Alterations of pro-oxidant levels 40

4.2 Effects of ROS on age changes in molecular damage 41

4.3 Effects of antioxidant defence on ageing 41

4.4 Non-catalytic antioxidants 41

4.5 Antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase and catalase 42

4.6 Other antioxidant defences 44

5 Conclusions 47

Acknowledgements 47

References 47

4 The perception of reactive oxygen species in plants: The road to signal transduction / John T. Hancock, Radhika Desikan, Ian Wilson, Steven J. Neill 57

1 Introduction 57

2 Do ROS and potential ROS-sensitive proteins make ideal signals? 58

3 Molecular events modulated by the presence of ROS 58

4 ROS interactions with nitric oxide 59

5 Thiol (-SH) group modification is likely to be key 59

6 Control of gene expression by H₂O₂ 63

7 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a H₂O₂-sensing protein 64

8 Histidine kinases and H₂O₂ perception 65

9 Are other proteins involved in H₂O₂ sensing? 66

10 Conclusion 66

Acknowledgements 68

References 68

5 Mechanisms and genes controlling programmed cell death and Darwinian fitness in plants / Stanislaw Karpinski, Christine Chang, Per Muhlenbock, Barbara Karpinska 73

1 Introduction 73

1.1 Light perception in plants 74

1.2 Photo-oxidative stress and programmed cell death 75

1.3 Light acclimatory responses 75

1.4 Signalling in response to EEE 76

1.5 Induction of plant immunity to infection by biotrophic pathogens 77

1.6 Common underlying principles of whole plant acclimation to EEE and immunity to infection 78

1.7 Plant responses to anoxia 79

1.8 Wounding responses 80

2 Cellular redox hub pathways govern Darwinian fitness 80

2.1 EEE causes massive induction of acclimatory and defence-related gene expression 81

3 Salicylic acid, photo-oxidative stress and stomatal conductance 84

3.1 SA induces PCD during EEE 85

4 The role of chloroplast-derived redox signalling and ROS in regulation of wounding responses 87

4.1 Synergistic effect of wounding and excess light on APX2 expression 87

4.2 Photosynthetic electron transport is required for wound-induced APX2 expression 87

4.3 Wound- and excess-light-induced APX2 expression is not controlled by known wound signalling pathways in Arabidopsis 88

5 Programmed cell death and Darwinian fitness 88

Acknowledgements 90

References 90

6 Ageing research in the post-genome era: New technologies for an old problem / Joao Pedro de Magalhaes 99

1 Introduction 99

2 The genomic revolution 99

2.1 Functional genomics 100

2.2 Comparative and evolutionary genomics 103

3 Systems biology 107

3.1 Modelling the ageing process 109

4 Future prospects 110

Acknowledgements 111

References 111

7 Telomeres, ageing and oxidation / Kelly J. Lamb, Paul G. Shiels 117

1 Introduction 117

2 Telomeres 117

3 Telomere structure 117

4 Mechanisms of telomere repair 119

4.1 Telomerase 119

4.2 Alternate pathway of telomere extension 119

5 Other telomere-associated proteins 120

5.1 Shelterin 120

5.2 Tankyrase 120

5.3 Ku complex proteins 120

5.4 Sirtuins 121

6 Telomeres, oxidation and ageing 122

7 Ageing 122

7.1 The glycation theory of ageing 122

7.2 The neuro-endocrine theory of ageing 123

7.3 Metabolic rate, free radical and mitochondrial theories of ageing 123

8 Telomeres and biological ageing 124

9 Nuclear transfer, telomeres and the MTR trinity 124

9.1 Telomeres and progeria 124

9.2 Telomeres and nuclear transfer 125

9.3 The MTR trinity 126

10 Integrating reactive oxygen species generation and telomeres 127

10.1 Mitochondrial ROS 127

10.2 Peroxisomal ROS 127

10.3 Cytochrome system 127

10.4 Immune-generated ROS 127

11 ROS-induced oxidative damage in DNA 128

12 Telomeres and endogenous antioxidant defences 128

13 Using telomere biology and the MTR to refine chemistry 129

14 Conclusions 130

Acknowledgements 130

References 130

8 A-type lamins, disease and ageing: A stress-induced relationship? / Vanja Pekovic, Christopher J. Hutchison 139

1 Introduction 139

2 The nuclear lamina as a bridge connecting the cytoplasm to the nucleus 142

3 A-type lamins in post-natal growth, development and tissue maintenance 144

4 The nuclear lamina as a stress-resistant filamentous network 145

5 A-type lamins and a spectrum of laminopathies 146

6 Progeria and progeroid laminopathies 149

7 Laminopathies and disease models 151

7.1 Structural/mechanical stress hypothesis 151

7.2 Epigenetic/transcriptional regulation hypothesis 151

7.3 ER protein misfolding hypothesis 151

7.4 Cell cycle-proliferation-ageing hypothesis 152

7.5 Altered DNA repair hypothesis 152

7.6 Mitotic misregulation hypothesis 152

7.7 A new disease model: Cellular stress hypothesis 153

8 The nuclear lamins as the signalling receptors of the nuclear envelope 154

9 Lamin A in physiological ageing 156

10 Conclusions: A-type lamins as the regulators of growth and responses to stress 157

Acknowledgements 158

References 159

9 Role of the glyoxalase pathway in delaying plant senescence under stress conditions / Sneh L. Singla-Pareek, Sudesh K. Yadav, Ananda Mustafiz, S.K.

Sopory 171

1 Introduction 171

2 Glyoxalse I 171

3 Glyoxalse II 173

4 Regulation of the glyoxalase pathway 174

4.1 Role of the glyoxalase pathway in senescence delay during abiotic stress 176

4.2 Mechanism of delay in plant senescence by over-expression of glyoxalases 177

5 Role of MG in signal transduction 179

6 Does MG act as a signal molecule in plants? 180

References 182

10 Catalase regulation during leaf senescence of Arabidopsis / Ulrike Zentgraf 187

1 Introduction 187

2 Antioxidative capacity and lifespan 188

3 The Arabidopsis catalases 189

4 Senescence-specific regulation of catalases in Arabidopsis 190

4.2 CAT2 down-regulation and APX1 inhibition 190

4.2 Loss of CAT3 induction 192

4.3 CAT2 regulators 192

4.4 H₂O₂ as signal in leaf senescence 193

4.5 CAT knockout plants do not have an early senescence phenotype 195

5 Concluding remarks 196

References 197

11 Atmospheric CO₂ signalling, cellular redox state and plant growth and development / Anneke Prins, Karl Kunert, Christine H. Foyer 203

1 Introduction 203

2 The perception of atmospheric CO₂ and associated signalling systems 204

3 Sugar sensing and signalling 208

4 Sugar and hormone signalling in the control of growth and defence responses 210

5 ABA and stress sugar signalling 211

6 Cellular redox state as a convergence regulator of information controlling growth and stress responses 213

7 Regulation of protein turnover 214

8 Conclusions 215

References 216

12 Protein damage in the ageing process: Advances in quantitation and the importance of enzymatic defences / Mingzhan Xue, Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari, Naila Rabbani, Paul J. Thornalley 227

1 Markers of protein glycation 227

1.1 Physiological glycating agents 227

1.2 Early-stage glycation adducts and advanced glycation end products 227

1.3 Protein fluorescence as a marker of advanced glycation end products 228

1.4 Enzymatic defence against glycation 232

2 Markers of protein oxidation 234

2.1 Physiological oxidizing agents 234

2.2 Oxidation of cysteine residues 234

2.3 Oxidation of methionine residues 236

2.4 Oxidation of tyrosine residues 237

2.5 Oxidation of phenylalanine residues 239

2.6 Oxidation of tryptophan residues 239

2.7 Protein carbonyls, advanced protein oxidation products and non-tryptophan fluorescence 240

3 Markers of protein nitration 241

4 Advances in quantitation of protein damage 242

5 Proteasomal proteolysis of glycated, oxidized and nitrated proteins 243

5.1 Proteasomal proteolysis of damaged proteins 243

5.2 Protein glycation, oxidation and nitration free adducts 244

6 Accumulation of protein damage and the ageing phenotype 245

6.1 Studies in human subjects 245

6.2 Studies in rodents 246

6.3 Studies in flies, Drosophila melanogaster, and nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans 246

6.4 Studies in mammalian cell senescence 247

7 Caloric restriction and protein damage 247

8 Protein damage in the ageing phenotype: Increased formation of damaging agents, decreased defences or both? 248

Acknowledgements 252

References 252.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780415419543

0415419549

OCLC:

166379314