Annelids in modern biology / edited by Daniel H. Shain.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Shain, Daniel H.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Annelida.

Physical Description:

xiv, 359 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (partly color), maps (some color) ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Blackwell, [2009]

Summary:

The only resource available on the utility of annelids as a research model

Annelids (segmented worms) are among the most ecologically diverse group of animals, occupying habitats ranging from hydrothermal vents at the ocean floor to glaciers in Alaska. Such diversity, coupled with a relatively simple body plan and broad experimental accessibility, makes them a subject of considerable scientific interest.

This book explores annelids as rich experimental subjects and demonstrates their utility as an experimental system across the biological sciences, including evolutionary development, neuroscience, and stem cell research

Annelids in Modern Biology is an indispensable resource for experimental biologists, graduate students, and researchers in evolutionary developmental biology, cell and molecular biology, neurobiology, stem cell genetics, and ecology and evolution.

Contents:

Part I Annelids as Model Systems in Biology

1 Developing Models for Lophotrochozoan and Annelid Biology / Kenneth M. Halanych, Elizabeth Borda 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Phylogenetic Considerations 4

1.3 Genetic and Developmental Tools 5

1.4 Annelid Model Organisms 6

1.5 Other Potential Annelid Models 8

2 Annelid Phylogeny-Molecular Analysis with an Emphasis on Model Annelids / Christoph Bleidorn 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Genes 14

2.3 Molecular Annelid Phylogeny 16

2.4 Choosing Model Organisms 24

2.5 Branch Lengths 24

2.6 Problems in Inferring Annelid Phylogeny 24

2.7 Conclusions 25

3 Cryptic Speciation in Clitellate Model Organisms / Christer Erséus, Daniel Gustafsson 31

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Sources and Kinds of Variation 32

3.3 Examples of Clitellate Model Organisms 34

3.4 Cryptic Speciation 41

3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 41

4 Annelid Life Cycle Cultures / Donald J. Reish, Bruno Pernet 47

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 Criteria for the Selection of Species 48

4.3 Summary of Culture Techniques 48

4.4 Life Cycle Cultures of Polychaeta 50

4.5 Life Cycle Cultures of Oligochaeta 56

4.6 Life Cycle Cultures of Hirudinea (Leeches) 58

Part II Evolution and Development

5 Annelids in Evolutionary Developmental Biology / Dian-Han Kuo 65

5.1 Introduction 65

5.2 Evo-Devo Today 66

5.3 Evo-Devo as Comparative Biology 66

5.4 Why Annelid Development Is Interesting for Metazoan Evo-Devo Biologists 67

5.5 Case Study 1: Segmentation 68

5.6 Case Study 2: Spiral Cleavage and Axis Specification 74

5.7 Tools for Analyzing Molecular Mechanisms of Development 79

5.8 The Future of the Annelid Model Systems for Evo-Devo 81

6 Evolution, Development and Ecology of Capitella sp. I: A Waxing Model for Polychaete Studies / Susan D. Hill, Robert M. Savage 88

6.1 Introduction 88

6.2 Speciation Studies 89

6.3 Capitella Sp. 1 Morphology 91

6.4 Replacement of Lost Segments and Reproductive Trade-Offs 92

6.5 Metatrochophores, Ciliary Bands and Musculature 93

6.6 Gene Expression during the Specification and Differentiation of Germ Layers 95

6.7 Sex among the Vermes 100

6.8 Annelids and the Segmentation Debate 101

6.9 A-P Polarity-Hox and ParaHox Genes 106

6.10 Annelid Genomics: Draft Genome Sequence 108

6.11 The Future-Where Is This Going? 109

7 Stem Cell Genesis and Differentiation in Leech / Shirley A. Lang, Daniel H. Shain 116

7.1 Introduction 116

7.2 Stem Cell Genesis and Development 117

7.3 Factors Affecting Stem Cell Genesis 121

7.4 Stem Cell Differentiation 124

7.5 Gene Expression 128

7.6 Conclusion 130

Part III Neurobiology and Regeneration

8 Cellular and Behavioral Properties of Learning in Leech and Other Annelids / Kevin M. Crisp, Brian D. Burrell 135

8.1 Introduction 135

8.2 Learning in the Leech Whole-Body Shortening Reflex and Role of the S Interneuron 137

8.3 Role of the S Interneuron: Modulation of Excitability 139

8.4 Learning in the Leech Swim Circuit 144

8.5 Using the Leech to Study Intrinsic Forms of Sensitization 146

8.6 Synaptic Plasticity in Leech CNS 147

8.7 Conclusions 150

9 Development, Regeneration and Immune Responses of the Leech Nervous System / Michel Salzet, Eduardo Macagno 156

9.1 Introduction 156

9.2 Background 157

9.3 Recent Work on the Development of the Nervous System 157

9.4 Neuronal Regeneration and Repair 169

9.5 Neuroimmune Responses 173

9.6 Cellular and Humoral Immune Mechanisms: A Leech Innate Immune Response 176

9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 179

10 Lumbriculus variegatus and the Need for Speed: A Model System for Rapid Escape, Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction / Mark J. Zoran, Veronica G. Martinez 185

10.1 Introduction 185

10.2 Neural Regeneration in Oligochaetes 187

10.3 Lumbriculus variegatus, a Model System for Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction 191

10.4 Neural Morphallaxis 192

10.5 Accessible Model for Life Science Education 198

Part IV Environmental and Ecological Studies

11 Polychaetes in Environmental Studies / Victoria Díaz-Castan̄eda, Donald J. Reish 205

11.1 Introduction 205

11.2 Estuarine Occurrence 206

11.3 Intertidal Occurrence 207

11.4 Mussel Beds 207

11.5 Sea Grasses 208

11.6 Sabellarid and Serpulid Reefs 209

11.7 Benthic Community Structure 209

11.8 Unusual Benthic Habitats 210

11.9 Feeding Guilds 213

11.10 Algal "Gardening" Behavior 214

11.11 Polychaetes as Environmental Indicators and Remediators 214

11.12 Biomonitoring 217

11.13 Toxicological Tests 219

11.14 Economic Importance of Polychaetes 221

11.15 Conclusions 221

12 Oligochaete Worms for Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils and Sediments / Jorg Rombke, Philipp Egeler 228

12.1 Introduction 228

12.2 Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment 229

12.3 Soil Tests with Lumbricidae 230

12.4 Soil Tests with Enchytraeidae 232

12.5 Sediment Tests with Lumbriculidae and Tubificidae 235

12.6 Oligochaetes in Ecotoxicology 237

12.7 Conclusions 238

13 Evolution and Ecology of Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Eunicida) / Daniel J. Thornhill, Thomas G. Dahlgren, Kenneth M. Halanych 242

13.1 Introduction 242

13.2 General Morphology 242

13.3 Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Considerations 243

13.4 Reproductive Biology 247

13.5 Ecology 250

13.6 Future Research 252

14 Cosmopolitan Earthworms-A Global and Historical Perspective / Robert J. Blakemore 257

14.1 Introduction 257

14.2 Number of Earthworm Species 267

14.3 Characteristics and Origins of Cosmopolitan Earthworms 268

14.4 Overview of Results 268

14.5 Discussion 269

14.6 Regional Species Totals and Proportions of Exotics 271

14.7 Earthworms, Archaeology and Human History 273

14.8 Benefits and Risks of Earthworm Transportations 277

14.9 Conclusions 278

Part V Extreme Environments and Biological Novelties

15 Hydrothermal Vent Annelids / Florence Pradillon, Françoise Gaill 287

15.1 Introduction 287

15.2 Alvinella pompejana: a Symbiotic System 289

15.3 Temperature Adaptation 290

15.4 Temperature Adaptation at a Molecular Level 290

15.5 Alvinella Tubes 291

15.6 Collagens 292

15.7 Temperature Adaptation at a Cellular Level: the Case of Developing Embryos 295

15.8 Behavioral Adaptation to a High-Temperature Environment 297

15.9 Future Development of Thermal Adaptation Studies 297

15.10 Perspectives 298

16 Glacier Ice Worms / Paula L. Harizell, Daniel H. Shain 301

16.1 Introduction 301

16.2 Natural History 303

16.3 Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships 305

16.4 Origins 306

16.5 Clades 307

16.6 Physiology 309

16.7 Conservation Status 311

17 Sperm Ultrastructure in Assessing Phylogenetic Relationships among Clitellate Annelids / Roberto Marotta, Marco Ferraguti 314

17.1 Introduction 314

17.2 The Spermatozoon of Propappus volki (Michaelsen 1916) 317

17.3 Sperm Ultrastructure in Branchiobdellids, Acanthobdella peledina, and Hirudineans 320

17.4 Sperm Ultrastructure inside Tubificidae 320

17.5 Plesiomorphic Spermatozoon of Clitellates and Spermatological Apomorphic Trends 324

17.6 Patterns of Spermatological Characters among Clitellates 324

18 Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion / Jon'elle Coleman, Daniel H. Shain 328

18.1 Introduction 328

18.2 Reproductive Biology 330

18.3 Clitellum and CGCs 330

18.4 Cocoon Production 331

18.5 Brooding Behavior within Glossiphoniidae 334

18.6 Cocoon Structure: Surface Topology and Ultrastructural Properties 335

18.7 Evolution of Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion 341

18.8 Biomaterials Applications 342.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780470344217

0470344210

OCLC:

244768425