Thermal adaptation : a theoretical and empirical synthesis / Michael J. Angilletta, Jr.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Angilletta, Michael J. (Michael James)

Contributor:

Class of 1953 Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Heat adaptation.

Physical Description:

xii, 289 pages, 2 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (some color), maps (some color) ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2009.

Summary:

Temperature profoundly impacts both the phenotypes and distributions of organisms. These thermal effects exert strong selective pressures on behaviour, physiology, and life history when environmental temperatures vary over space and time. Despite temperature's significance, progress toward a quantitative theory of thermal adaptation has lagged behind empirical descriptions of patterns and processes. In this book, the author draws on theory from the more general discipline of evolutionary ecology to establish a framework for interpreting empirical studies of thermal biology. This novel synthesis of theoretical and empirical work generates new insights about the process of thermal adaptation and points the way towards a more general theory. The threat of rapid climate change on a global scale provides a stark reminder of the challenges that remain for thermal biologists and adds a sense of urgency to this book's mission.

Thermal Adaptation will benefit anyone seeking to understand the relationship between environmental variation and phenotypic evolution. The book focuses on quantitative evolutionary models at the individual, population, and community levels, and successfully integrates this theory with modern empirical approaches. By providing a synthetic overview of evolutionary thermal biology, this accessible text will appeal to both graduate students and established researchers in the fields of comparative, ecological, and evolutionary physiology. It will also interest the broader audience of professional ecologists and evolutionary biologists who require a comprehensive review of this topic, as well as those researchers working on the applied problems of regional and global climate change.

Contents:

1 Evolutionary Thermal Biology 1

1.1 The challenge of evolutionary thermal biology 1

1.2 Thermal reaction norms 3

1.3 The role of theory 5

1.4 Theoretical approaches to evolutionary thermal biology 6

1.4.1 Optimality models 6

1.4.2 Quantitative genetic models 8

1.4.3 Allelic models 10

1.4.4 The complementarity of theory 13

1.5 Empirical tools of the evolutionary thermal biologist 13

1.5.1 Quantifying selection 14

1.5.2 Experimental evolution 14

1.5.3 Comparative analysis 15

1.6 Conclusions 18

2 Thermal Heterogeneity 19

2.1 Operative environmental temperature 20

2.2 Global patterns of operative temperature 23

2.2.1 Latitudinal clines 23

2.2.2 Altitudinal clines 27

2.3 Quantifying local variation in operative temperatures 29

2.3.1 Mathematical models 29

2.3.2 Physical models 31

2.3.3 Statistical models 32

2.4 Conclusions 33

3 Thermal Sensitivity 35

3.1 Patterns of thermal sensitivity 35

3.2 Proximate mechanisms and tradeoffs 40

3.2.1 Thermal effects on enzymes (and other proteins) 41

3.2.2 Membrane structure 43

3.2.3 Oxygen limitation 44

3.2.4 Conclusions from considering proximate mechanisms 45

3.3 Optimal performance curves 47

3.3.1 Optimal performance curves: survivorship and related performances 47

3.3.2 Optimal performance curves: fecundity and related performances 51

3.3.3 Contrasting the two models 53

3.4 Using models to understand natural patterns 54

3.4.1 Survivorship 56

3.4.2 Locomotion 62

3.4.3 Development 66

3.4.4 Growth 66

3.4.5 Reproduction 68

3.4.6 Why do certain patterns differ from predicted ones? 69

3.5 Have we mischaracterized thermal clines? 70

3.5.1 Reciprocal transplant experiments 70

3.5.2 Laboratory selection experiments 71

3.5.3 Conclusions from reciprocal transplant and laboratory selection experiments 74

3.6 Have phenotypic constraints been correctly identified? 75

3.6.1 A jack of all temperatures can be a master of all 75

3.6.2 The proximate basis of performance determines tradeoffs 75

3.7 Do all performances affect fitness? 76

3.8 Does genetic variation constrain thermal adaptation? 79

3.8.1 A quantitative genetic model based on multivariate selection theory 81

3.8.2 A genetic model for survivorship and related performances 81

3.8.3 A genetic model for fecundity and related performances 83

3.8.4 Predictions of quantitative genetic models depend on genetic parameters 84

3.9 Does gene flow constrain thermal adaptation? 85

3.10 Conclusions 87

4 Thermoregulation 88

4.1 Quantifying patterns of thermoregulation 88

4.2 Benefits and costs of thermoregulation 91

4.2.1 Benefits of thermoregulation 91

4.2.2 Costs of thermoregulation 96

4.3 An optimality model of thermoregulation 98

4.4 Do organisms thermoregulate more precisely when the benefits are greater? 102

4.5 Nonenergetic benefits of thermoregulation 105

4.5.1 Thermoregulation during infection 105

4.5.2 Thermoregulation during pregnancy 106

4.6 Do organisms thermoregulate less precisely when the costs are greater? 107

4.7 Nonenergetic costs of thermoregulation 111

4.7.1 Aggressive interactions with competitors 111

4.7.2 Risk of predation or parasitism 112

4.7.3 Risk of desiccation 116

4.7.4 Missed opportunities for feeding or reproduction 116

4.7.5 Interactions between different costs 118

4.8 Endothermic thermoregulation 119

4.8.1 The evolutionary origins of endothermy 119

4.8.2 Optimal thermoregulation by endotherms 122

4.9 Conclusions 125

5 Thermal Acclimation 126

5.1 Patterns of thermal acclimation 126

5.2 The beneficial acclimation hypothesis 127

5.2.1 Developmental acclimation 127

5.2.2 Reversible acclimation 131

5.2.3 Beyond the beneficial acclimation hypothesis 135

5.3 Costs of thermal acclimation 135

5.3.1 Costs of energetic demands 136

5.3.2 Costs of time lags 139

5.3.3 Interaction between costs 139

5.4 Optimal acclimation of performance curves 140

5.4.1 Optimal developmental acclimation 141

5.4.2 Optimal reversible acclimation 143

5.4.3 Relaxing assumptions about fitness 145

5.5 Evidence of optimal acclimation 146

5.5.1 Does the thermal optimum acclimate more than the performance breadth? 146

5.5.2 Do organisms from variable environments acclimate more than organisms from stable environments? 146

5.6 Constraints on the evolution of acclimation 149

5.6.1 Genetic variance and covariance 149

5.6.2 Gene flow 152

5.7 Toward ecological relevance 154

5.8 Conclusions 155

6 Temperature and the Life History 157

6.1 The link between performance and the life history 157

6.2 General patterns of age and size at maturity 158

6.2.1 Thermal plasticity of age and size at maturity 158

6.2.2 Thermal clines in age and size at maturity 159

6.2.3 Experimental evolution of age and size at maturity 161

6.3 Optimal reaction norms for age and size at maturity 162

6.3.1 A comparison of two modeling approaches 163

6.3.2 Thermal effects on juvenile mortality 164

6.3.3 Thermal constraints on maximal body size 166

6.3.4 Thermal effects on population growth 169

6.3.5 A synergy of evolutionary mechanisms 170

6.4 General patterns of reproductive allocation 171

6.4.1 Thermal plasticity of offspring size 171

6.4.2 Thermal clines in offspring size 171

6.4.3 Experimental evolution of offspring size 172

6.5 Optimal size and number of offspring 174

6.5.1 Direct effect of temperature on the optimal offspring size 174

6.5.2 Indirect effects of temperature on the optimal offspring size 176

6.5.3 Teasing apart direct and indirect effects on reproductive allocation 177

6.6 Optimal variation in offspring size 178

6.7 Conclusions 179

7 Thermal Coadaptation 181

7.1 Traits interact to determine fitness 181

7.2 Coadaptation of thermal sensitivity and thermal acclimation 182

7.3 Coadaptation of thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behavior 186

7.3.1 Mechanisms favoring a mismatch between preferred temperatures and thermal optima 189

7.3.2 Predicting coadapted phenotypes 193

7.4 Coadaptation of thermoregulatory behavior, thermal physiology, and life history 195

7.5 Constraints on coadaptation 196

7.6 Conclusions 196

8 Thermal Games 199

8.1 Filling the ecological vacuum 199

8.2 Approaches to the study of frequency-dependent selection 200

8.3 Optimal thermoregulation in an evolutionary game 200

8.3.1 Competition during thermoregulation 201

8.3.2 Predation during thermoregulation 203

8.3.3 Relaxing assumptions of simple models 205

8.4 Optimal performance curves in an evolutionary game 207

8.4.1 The coevolution of thermal optima between species 207

8.4.2 The coevolution of thermal breadths between species 210

8.4.3 Gene flow and the coevolution of thermal optima 211

8.5 Life-history evolution in a thermal game 212

8.6 Conclusions 213

9 Adaptation to Anthropogenic Climate Change 214

9.1 Recent patterns of climate change 214

9.1.1 Global change 214

9.1.2 Regional change 215

9.1.3 Local change 216

9.2 Observed responses to recent thermal change 216

9.2.1 Shifts in phenology 216

9.2.2 Shifts in geographic ranges 217

9.2.3 Disruption of ecological interactions 217

9.2.4 Changes in primary productivity 218

9.3 Predicting ecological responses to global warming 218

9.3.1 Correlative versus mechanistic models 219

9.3.2 Mechanistic models of responses to environmental warming 220

9.3.3 Predicting differential responses of populations and species 223

9.4 Adaptation to directional thermal change 224

9.4.1 Adaptation of thermoregulation 227

9.4.2 Adaptation of the thermal optimum 229

9.4.3 Adaptation of the performance breadth 231

9.5 Thermal games in a warming world 232

9.6 Evolutionary consequences of gene flow in a warming world 233

9.6.1 Spatially heterogeneous warming can reduce the flow of maladapted genotypes 233

9.6.2 Spatially heterogeneous warming can increase the flow of preadapted genotypes 235

9.7 Conclusions 236.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 238-276) and indexes.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Class of 1953 Fund.

ISBN:

0198570872

0198570880

9780198570875

9780198570882

OCLC:

260204419