Staying Maasai? : livelihoods, conservation, and development in East African rangelands / edited by Katherine Homewood, Patti Kristjanson, Pippa Trench.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Homewood, Katherine.

Kristjanson, Patricia.

Trench, Pippa.

Series:

Studies in human ecology and adaptation ; 5.

Studies in human ecology and adaptation ; 5

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Maasai (African people)--Economic conditions.

Maasai (African people).

Savanna ecology--Kenya.

Savanna ecology.

Savanna ecology--Tanzania.

Sustainable development--Kenya.

Sustainable development.

Sustainable development--Tanzania.

Nature conservation--Kenya.

Nature conservation.

Nature conservation--Tanzania.

Tanzania.

Kenya.

Physical Description:

xvi, 418 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York ; London : Springer, 2008.

Summary:

People, livestock and wildlife have lived together on the savannas of East Africa for millennia. Their coexistence has declined as conservation policies increasingly exclude people and livestock from protected wildlife areas, and fast-growing human populations and development push wildlife and pastoralists onto ever more marginal lands. The result has been declining wildlife, and more pastoral people struggling to diversify their livelihoods as access to pasture and water becomes harder to find.

This book examines those livelihood and land use strategies in detail. In an integrated research effort that involved researchers, local communities and policy analysts, surveys were carried out across a wide range of Maasai communities providing contrasting land tenure and national policies and varying degrees of intensification of agriculture, tourism and other activities. The aim was to create a better understanding of current livelihood patterns and the decisions facing Maasai at the start of the 21st Century in the context of ongoing environmental, political, and societal change. A research design that linked quantitative and qualitative methods and research teams across multiple pastoral sites has for the first time made possible a comparison of livelihood strategies and returns to livestock, crops, wildlife tourism, and other activities across Kenyan and Tanzanian Maasailand.

While livestock remain the critical anchor for most rural Maasai, many households are obtaining income from a variety of alternative sources. Income from wildlife and tourism is seen as a desirable option by many policymakers and NGOs because of its assumed potential to provide economically and environmentally win-win situations. In practice, wildlife tourism benefits relatively few Maasai. Similarly, although governments favor agricultural intensification, significant crop income or enhanced food security from subsistence cropping elude most households.

This book provides a rich source of new data from across Maasailand, and its unparallelled multi-site comparative analyses give valuable lessons of broader applicability. It is an indispensable resource for anyone, whether researcher, development worker, community member or policymaker, who is concerned with improving environmental as well as economic security on the wildlife-rich Maasai pastoral lands in Kenya and Tanzania.

Contents:

1 Changing Land Use, Livelihoods, and Wildlife Conservation in Maasailand / Katherine Homewood, Patti Kristjanson, Pippa Chenevix Trench 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The setting 3

1.3 A conceptual framework 15

1.4 Structure and Sequence of this Volume 32

2 Methods in the Analysis of Maasai Livelihoods / Suzanne Serneels, Mario Herrero, Shauna BurnSilver, Pippa Chenevix Trench, Kath Cochrane, Katherine Homewood, Patti Kristijanson, Fred Nelson, Maren Radeny, D. Michael Thompson, Mohammed Yahya Said 43

2.1 Introduction 43

2.2 Design and Implementation of Field Surveys 44

2.3 Characterizing Livelihood Strategies 56

2.4 Household Choice of Livelihood Strategy 60

2.5 Factors Influencing Income and Wealth Levels 61

2.6 Discussion 62

Family Portraits-Mara 69

3 Maasai Mara-Land Privatization and Wildlife Decline: Can Conservation Pay Its Way? / D. Michael Thompson, Suzanne Serneels, Dickson Ole Kaelo, Pippa Chenevix Trench 77

3.1 Introduction 77

3.2 The study 82

3.3 Livelihood Strategies in the Mara in 2004 86

3.4 Trends in Mara Livelihoods, 1998-2004 94

3.5 Conservation Dividends, Rents and Politics: Wildlife Associations and Conservancies 101

3.6 Discussion 106

3.7 Conclusion 111

4 Assessing Returns to Land and Changing Livelihood Strategies in Kitengela / David Nkedianye, Maren Radeny, Patti Kristijanson, Mario Herrero 115

4.1 Introduction 115

4.2 The Study-objectives, approach and methods' 118

4.3 Livelihood strategies, land ownership and determinants of wealth in Kitengela 122

4.4 Conclusions 139

Family Portraits-Amboseli 151

5 Pathways of Continuity and Change: Maasai Livelihoods in Amboseli, Kajiado District, Kenya / S.B. BurnSilver 161

5.1 Introduction 161

5.2 Amboseli Livelihoods 170

5.3 Predicting Livelihood Strategies and Household Well-Being 187

5.4 System Trends 194

Family Portraits-Longido 209

6 Still "People of Cattle"? Livelihoods, Diversification and Community Conservation in Longido District / Pippa Chenevix Trench, Steven Kiruswa, Fred Nelson, Katherine Homewood 217

6.1 Introduction 217

6.2 Study Sites, Methodology and Analysis 223

6.3 Longido Maasai Livelihoods 226

6.4 Categorizing Livelihoods Strategies in Longido 230

6.5 Determinants of Livelihood Strategies 237

6.6 Determinants of wealth 242

6.7 Costs and Benefits of Wildlife in Longido Livelihoods 245

6.8 Discussion 251

Family Portraits-Tarangire 257

7 Cattle and Crops, Tourism and Tanzanite: Poverty, Land-Use Change and Conservation in Simanjior District, Tanzania / Hassan Sachedina, Pippa Chenevix Trench 263

7.1 Introduction 263

7.2 Setting and Research Approach 265

7.3 Livelihood Strategies on the Simanjiro Plains 269

7.4 Community-Based Conservation in Simanjiro 283

7.5 Tanzanite and Land-Use Change in the Simanjiro Plains 291

7.6 Conclusion 294

8 Community-Based Conservation and Maasai Livelihoods in Tanzania / Fred Nelson, Benjamin Gardner, Jim Igoe, Andrew Williams 299

8.1 Introduction 299

8.2 Rural Communities and Wildlife Conservation in Tanzania: A Brief History 301

8.3 The case studies 307

8.4 Wildlife Conservation and Maasai Livelihoods 327

8.5 Conclusion 329

9 Policy and Practice in Kenya Rangelands: Impacts on Livelihoods and Wildlife / Katherine Homewood 335

9.1 Introduction 335

9.2 The Policy Framework in Kenya 336

9.3 Policies and Outcomes: Why the Gap? 350

9.4 Policy/Practice Distortions: Powerful Players, 'Participation' and 'Partnership' 357

9.5 Summary and Conclusion 359

10 Staying Maasai? Pastoral Livelihoods, Diversification and the Role of Wildlife in Development / Katherine Homewood, Pippa Chenevix Trench, Patti Kristjanson 369

10.1 Introduction 369

10.2 Staying Maasai? Livestock, Cultivation and Non-farm work in Contemporary Rangeland Livelihoods 372

10.3 Tourism and Wildlife in Maasailand 393

10.4 So What? Lessons for Policy 400.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780387874913

0387874917

OCLC:

258077445