Power electronics in smart electrical energy networks / Ryszard Strzelecki, Grzegorz Benysek, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Strzelecki, Ryszard.

Benysek, Grzegorz

Louis A. Duhring Fund.

Series:

Power systems

Power systems, 1612-1287

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Power electronics.

Electric networks.

Physical Description:

xviii, 414 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

London : Springer, [2008]

Summary:

Power Electronics in Smart Electrical Energy Networks introduces a new viewpoint on power electronics, rethinking the basic philosophy governing electricity distribution systems. The proposed concept fully exploits the potential advantages of renewable energy sources and distributed generation (DG), which should not only be connected but also fully integrated into the distribution system in order to increase the efficiency, flexibility, safety, reliability and quality of the electricity and the networks. The transformation of current electricity grids into smart (resilient and interactive) networks necessitates the development, propagation and demonstration of key enabling cost-competitive technologies (e.g., innovative interconnection solutions and storage technologies for renewable energy sources, etc.).

A must-read for professionals in power engineering and utility industries, researchers and postgraduates working in the field of distributed electrical power systems, Power Electronics in Smart Electrical Energy Networks presents the features, solutions and applications of the power electronics arrangements useful for future smart electrical energy networks.

Contents:

1.1 Structure and Fundamental Problems of Electrical Power Systems 1

1.2 Power Flow Control, Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Benefits to Grids 4

1.3 Smart Electrical Energy Networks Concept 8

2 Principles of Electrical Power Control 13

2.1 Power Theory 13

2.1.1 Critical Review of Classical Power Theory 13

2.1.2 Instantaneous Power Theory 27

2.2 General Problems and Solutions of Control in Smart Power Systems 31

2.2.1 Control in Smart Power Systems 31

2.2.2 Damping of the System Oscillations 33

2.2.3 Power Quality Control 37

3 Overview of Power Electronics Converters and Controls 55

3.1 Power Electronics Background 55

3.1.1 Historical Perspective 57

3.1.2 Generic Power Electronics Arrangements 59

3.1.3 Switching and Continuous Models of Converters 62

3.2 High Technology of Converters 66

3.2.1 State-of-the-Art of Power Semiconductors Switches 67

3.2.2 Soft-switching vs Hard-switching Techniques 69

3.2.3 Construction Arrangement and Cooling Systems 73

3.3 Multi-level Converters 77

3.3.1 Multi-level Converter Concepts 77

3.3.2 Basic Comparison of Multi-level Inverter Topology 81

3.3.3 Space Vector PWM Algorithm of a Multi-level VSI 82

3.4 Z-source Converters 88

3.4.1 Operation Principle of the Voltage Z-inverter 90

3.4.2 Three-level and Four-wire Inverters with Z-source 93

4 Quality Problems in Smart Networks 107

4.1 Power Quality and EMC 107

4.2 Power Quality Issues 110

4.2.1 Magnitude of the Supply Voltage 111

4.2.2 Voltage Fluctuation 112

4.2.3 Voltage Dips and Short Supply Interruptions 114

4.2.4 Voltage and Current Distortion 116

4.2.5 Classification of Electromagnetic Disturbances 119

4.3 Power Quality Monitoring 120

4.3.1 Measuring Procedures 120

4.3.2 Measurement Aggregation Over Time Intervals 120

4.3.3 Flagging Concept 121

4.3.4 Assessment Procedures 121

4.4 Legal and Organizational Regulations 123

4.5 Mitigation Methods 124

4.6 EMC Related Phenomena in Smart Electrical Power Systems 125

4.6.1 Origin and Effects of Electromagnetic Disturbances and EMC Terminology 126

4.6.2 EMC Standardisation 132

4.6.3 Conducted EMI Spreading Over Distributed Electrical Power Systems 135

4.6.4 Improving EMC of Distributed Power Systems 139

5 EMC Cases in Distributed Electrical Power System 147

5.1 Four-quadrant Frequency Converter 147

5.2 Adjustable Speed Drives 158

5.3 Multi-level Inverters 163

6 High Frequency AC Power Distribution Platforms 175

6.2 High Frequency in Space Applications 176

6.3 High Frequency in Telecommunications 176

6.4 High Frequency in Computer and Commercial Electronics Systems 186

6.5 High Frequency in Automotive and Motor Drives 190

6.5.1 Automotive 190

6.5.2 Motor Drives 192

6.6 High Frequency in Microgrids 195

6.7 Future Prospects 197

6.7.1 Future Drivers and Funding Issues 197

6.7.2 Future Trends and Challenges 198

7 Integration of Distributed Generation with Electrical Power System 203

7.1 Distributed Generation Past and Future 203

7.1.1 DG Conversion Energy Systems 204

7.1.2 DG Opportunities 205

7.1.3 DG Classifications, Location and Sizes 206

7.2 Interconnection with a Hosting Grid - Parallel Operation 207

7.2.1 Interconnection of DG Fueled by Fossil Fuel 207

7.2.2 Interconnection of DG Fueled by Non-fossil Fuel 208

7.2.3 Interconnection of DG Fueled by Mix of Fossil and Non-fossil Sources 209

7.3 Integration and Interconnection Concerns 211

7.4 Power Injection Principle 214

7.5 Power Injection Using Static Compensators 216

7.5.1 Fixed VAR Compensation 216

7.5.2 Controllable Dynamic VAR Compensators 217

7.6 Power Injection Using Advanced Static Devices 220

7.6.1 Static Synchronous Compensator 221

7.6.2 Unified Power Flow Controller 222

7.7 Distributed Generation Contribution to Power Quality Problems 222

7.8 DG Current Challenges 224

8 Active Power Quality Controllers 229

8.1 Dynamic Static Synchronous Compensator 229

8.1.1 Topology 229

8.1.2 Principle of Operation 231

8.1.3 Load Compensation 233

8.1.4 Voltage Regulation 236

8.2 Other Shunt Controllers Based on D-STATCOM 238

8.2.1 Hybrid Arrangements 238

8.2.2 Controllers with Energy-storage Systems 241

8.3 Dynamic Static Synchronous Series Compensators 243

8.3.1 Identification of Separate Components of the Supply-terminal Voltage 245

8.3.2 Harmonic Filtration and Balancing of the Voltage in Three-wire Systems 247

8.4 Dynamic Voltage Restorer 250

8.4.1 What is a DVR 250

8.4.2 Control Strategies of the DVR Arrangements 251

8.5 AC/AC Voltage Regulators 258

8.5.1 Electromechanical Voltage Regulators 259

8.5.2 Step Voltage Regulators 260

8.5.3 Continuous-voltage Regulators 261

9 Energy Storage Systems 269

9.2 The Structure of Power Storage Devices 271

9.3 Pumped-storage Hydroelectricity 272

9.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage System 278

9.5 Flywheels 282

9.6 Battery Storage 287

9.7 Hydrogen Storage 291

9.8 Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage 295

9.9 Supercapacitors 297

9.10 Application of Energy Storage Devices 299

10 Variable and Adjustable Speed Generation Systems 303

10.1.1 Conventional Generation Systems 303

10.1.2 Variable and Adjustable Speed Decoupled Generation Systems 306

10.2 Electrical Power Systems 311

10.2.2 Autonomous Generation Systems with Permanent Magnet Generators 312

10.2.3 Non-autonomous Generation Systems with Permanent Magnet Generators 316

10.2.4 Hybrid Generation Systems 318

10.2.5 Engine Starting in Power Electronic Generation Systems 319

10.3 Prime Movers and the Control System 321

10.3.1 Prime Movers 321

10.3.2 Speed Control Strategies 322

11 Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems 327

11.2 System Overview 327

11.3 Wind Energy Converters 330

11.3.1 Energy Conversion 330

11.3.2 Tip Speed Ratio and Power Curve 331

11.3.3 Operation Modes 333

11.3.4 Power Limitation 334

11.3.5 Speed Control 336

11.3.6 Power Curves of WECs 337

11.4 Grid Integration 339

11.4.1 Generator Types 339

11.4.2 Types of Common Grid Coupling 343

11.4.3 Wind Park Design and Energy Management 344

11.4.4 Reactive Power Management in Wind Parks 345

11.5 Power Quality on WECs 352

11.5.1 Power Fluctuations and Flicker 352

11.5.2 Harmonics 358

11.6 Offshore Wind Energy 367

11.6.1 Installation Numbers and Conditions 367

11.6.2 Wind Park Design 367

11.6.3 Transmission Types 368

11.7 Future Requirements and Developments 369

11.7.1 WEC Types 369

11.7.2 Energy Management, Storage and Communication 370

11.8 Economics and Reimbursement 371

12 Grid Integration of Photovoltaics and Fuel Cells 375

12.2 Photovoltaics Power Plants 375

12.2.1 System Overview 375

12.2.2 Energy Conversion 376

12.2.3 Cell Types 377

12.2.4 Modeling of PV Cells 378

12.2.5 Modeling of PV Modules 380

12.2.6 Operation Behaviour 381

12.2.7 Inverter Types 381

12.2.8 Plant Design 382

12.2.9 Grid Interfacing and Islanding Detection 383

12.2.10 Power Quality 387

12.2.11 Future Development 391

12.2.12 Economics 391

12.3 Fuel Cell Power Plants 392

12.3.1 Fuel Cell Types 392

12.3.2 Energy Conversion 396

12.3.3 Grid-connected Applications 397

12.3.4 Plant Design 400

12.3.5 Grid Interfacing 402

12.3.6 Economics 403

12.3.7 Future Development 405.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Louis A. Duhring Fund.

ISBN:

9781848003170

184800317X

OCLC:

227032810