FDTD modeling of metamaterials : theory and applications / Yang Hao, Raj Mittra.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hao, Yang.

Contributor:

Mittra, Raj.

Louis A. Duhring Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Metamaterials--Mathematical models.

Metamaterials.

Electromagnetism--Computer simulation.

Electromagnetism.

Time-domain analysis.

Finite differences.

Mathematical models.

Physical Description:

xiii, 379 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Boston, MA : Artech House, [2009]

Summary:

Metamaterials have made a huge splash in antenna, microwave, and optics engineering thanks to their extraordinary electromagnetic properties. And now, modeling their unique characteristics and behaviors in electromagnetic systems just got easier. This one-stop resource gives engineers powerful finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) techniques for modeling these exotic artificial materials, complete with applications and time-saving novel techniques. This comprehensive volume covers a wide range of critical areas, including: Historical reviews of metamaterials; Physics of complex electromagnetic materials; Homogenization of metamaterials and effective medium models; Fundamental limits and figure of merit study of metamaterials; Characterizing the interface of metamaterial slabs and quantifying their spatial and frequency dispersion characteristics; Conformal and dispersive FDTD modeling of electromagnetic cloaks, perfect lens, and plasmonic waveguides; Microfabrication of metamaterials and experimental characterization of metamaterials; A critical look at metamaterial applications in antenna and microwave engineering.

Contents:

1.1 What Are Electromagnetic Metamaterials? 1

1.2 A Historical Overview of Electromagntic Metamaterials 2

1.2.1 Artificial Dielectrics 4

1.2.2 Artificial Magnetic Materials 8

1.2.3 Bianisotropic Composites 8

1.2.4 Double-Negative and Indefinite Media 9

1.2.5 Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystals 11

1.3 Numerical Modeling of Electromagnetic Metamaterials 15

Chapter 2 Fundamentals and Applications of Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures 25

2.2 Bloch's Theorem and the Dispersion Diagram 25

2.2.1 Translational Symmetry 26

2.2.2 Bloch's Theorem and Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC) 27

2.2.3 Brillouin Zone 29

2.2.4 Dispersion Diagram and EBG 30

2.3 An Overview of Numerical Methods for Modeling EBG Structures 33

2.3.1 The Generalized Rayleigh's Identity Method and the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Method 33

2.3.2 Plane-Wave Expansion Method 35

2.3.3 The Transfer-Matrix Method 36

2.3.4 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method 39

2.4 An Overview of EBG Applications 41

2.4.1 In-Phase Reflection 41

2.4.2 Suppression of Surface Waves 45

2.4.3 EBGs Operating in Defect Modes 46

2.4.4 Subwavelength Imaging from the Passband of the EBGs 58

Chapter 3 A Brief Introduction to the FDTD Method for Modeling Metamaterials 67

3.2 Formulations of the Yee's FDTD Algorithm 67

3.2.1 Maxwell's Equations 67

3.2.2 Yee's Orthogonal Mesh 69

3.2.3 Time Domain Discretization: The Leapfrog Scheme and the Courant Stability Condition (CFL Condition) 70

3.3 Other Spatial Domain Discretization Schemes 72

3.3.1 Subgridding Mesh 72

3.3.2 Nonorthogonal Mesh 75

3.3.3 Hybrid FDTD Meshes 76

3.4 Boundary Conditions 78

3.4.1 Mur's Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) 78

3.4.2 Perfect Matched Layers (PMLs) 80

3.4.3 Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC) 81

3.5 Bandgap Calculation 83

3.5.1 Source Excitation 84

3.5.2 Dispersion Diagram Calculation 84

3.5.3 Transmission and Reflection Coefficient Calculation 85

Chapter 4 FDTD Modeling of EBGs and Their Applications 91

4.2 FDTD Modeling of Infinite Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures 91

4.2.1 Physical Model of EBG Structures 91

4.2.2 Mesh Generation and Simulation Parameters in FDTD Modeling 93

4.2.3 Simulation Results of Infinite EBGs Using the Conformal and Yee's FDTD 94

4.3 Conformal FDTD Modeling of (Semi-)Finite EBG Structures 102

4.3.1 FDTD Model and Simulation Results 102

4.4 Design and Modeling of Millimeter-Wave EBG Antennas 105

4.4.2 Design and Modeling of Woodpile EBG 108

4.4.3 A Millimeter-Wave EBG Antenna Based on a Woodpile Structure 115

4.4.4 Experimental Results 117

Chapter 5 Left-Handed Metamaterials (LHMs) and Their Applications 123

5.2 Effective Medium Theory and Left-Handed Metamaterials 123

5.2.1 A Composite Medium of Metallic Wires and Split Ring Resonators 124

5.2.2 Isotropic Three-Dimensional Left-Handed Metamaterials 125

5.2.3 Left-Handed Metamaterials Using Simple Short Wire Pairs 126

5.3 Applications of Left-Handed Metamaterials 127

5.3.1 Imaging by a Perfect LHM Lens 127

5.3.2 Transmission Line Structures of Left-Handed Metamaterials 128

5.3.3 Directive Electromagnetic Scattering by an Infinite Conducting Cylinder Coated with LHMs 142

5.3.4 Negative Index Materials (NIM) for Selective Angular Separation of Microwave by Polarization 144

Chapter 6 Numerical Modeling of Left-Handed Material (LHM) Using a Dispersive FDTD Method 147

6.2 The Effective Medium of Left-Handed Materials (LHMs) 148

6.3 Modeling of Left-Handed Metamaterials Using a Dispersive FDTD Method 156

6.3.1 Two-Dimensional Dispersive FDTD with Auxiliary Differential Equations (ADEs) 156

6.3.2 Phase Compensation Through Layered LHM Structures 160

6.3.3 Conjugate Dielectric and Metamaterial Slab as Radomes 161

6.3.4 Numerical Results 163

Chapter 7 FDTD Modeling and Figure-of-Merit (FOM) Analysis of Practical Metamaterials 173

7.2 EM Response of the Infinite, Doubly Periodic DNG Slab with Plane Wave Illumination 174

7.2.1 Model Description of the Array Comprising of Split-Ring Resonators and Wires 174

7.2.2 Scattering Parameters Measurements Obtained from the PBC/FDTD Code 174

7.2.3 Phase Data Inside the DNG Slab 175

7.3 Retrieval of Effective Material Constitutive Parameters Using the Inversion Approach 182

7.3.1 Review of the Inversion Approach 182

7.3.2 Retrieval of the Effective Material Parameters from the Numerical S-Parameters Obtained from FDTD Simulations of Metamaterials 186

7.3.3 Summary of the Difficulties Encountered Using the Inversion Approach for Effective Medium Characterization 207

7.4 EM Response of a Finite Artificial-DNG Slab with Localized Beam Illumination 208

7.4.1 Slab with Localized Beam Illumination 209

7.4.2 FDTD Model 209

7.4.3 Total Transmission and Reflection Power Under Gaussian Beam Illumination 210

7.4.4 EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Normal Incidence with Ey Polarization 213

7.4.5 EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Oblique TM[subscript z] Incidence Coming from ([theta] = 150&dg, [phi] = 90[degree]) with Hx Polarization 219

7.4.6 EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Oblique TE[subscript z] Incidence Coming from [theta] = 150[degree], [phi] = 0[degree] with Ey Polarization 223

7.4.7 EM Response of a Finite Artificial-DNG Slab Excited by Small Dipole 226

7.5 Figure-of-Merit (FOM) Analysis 228

7.5.1 Loss and Bandwidth of Metamaterials with Different Electrical Sizes and Particle Densities 229

7.5.2 Figure-of-Merit Analysis by Numerical Experiments 232

Chapter 8 Accurate FDTD Modeling of a Perfect Lens 239

8.2 Dispersive FDTD Modeling of LHMs with Spatial Averaging at the Boundaries 241

8.2.1 The (E, D, H, B) Scheme 242

8.2.2 The (E, J, H, M) Scheme 244

8.2.3 The Spatial Averaging Methods 245

8.3 Numerical Implementation 250

8.4 Effects of Material Parameters on the Accuracy of Numerical Simulation 255

8.5 Effects of Switching Time 258

8.6 Effects of Transverse Dimensions on Image Quality 260

8.7 Modeling of Subwavelength Imaging 262

Chapter 9 Spatially Dispersive FDTD Modeling of Wire Medium 267

9.2 Spatial Dispersion in the Wire Medium 269

9.3 Spatially Dispersive FDTD Formulations 270

9.4 Stability and Numerical Dispersion Analysis 274

9.5 Perfectly Matched Layer for Wire Medium Slabs 279

9.6 Numerical Thickness of Wire Medium Slabs 282

9.7 Two-Dimensional FDTD Simulations 286

9.8 Three-Dimensional FDTD Simulations 294

9.9 Experimental Verifications 297

9.10 Internal Imaging by Wire Medium Slabs 299

Chapter 10 FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials for Optics 307

10.2 Dispersive FDTD Modeling of Silver-Dielectric Layered Structures for Subwavelength Imaging 307

10.2.2 FDTD Modeling of the Silver-Dielectric Layered Structure 310

10.2.3 Numerical Results and Discussions 311

10.3 A Metamaterial Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope 316

10.3.2 Theory 317

10.3.3 Simulation 317

10.4 FDTD Study of Guided Modes in Nanoplasmonic Waveguides 321

10.4.1 Conformal Dispersive FDTD Method Using Effective Permittivities (EPs) 322

10.5 FDTD Calculation of Dispersion Diagrams 326

10.5.1 Wave Propagation in Plasmonic Waveguides Formed by Finite Number of Elements 331

10.6 FDTD Modeling of Electromagnetic Cloaking Structures 333

10.6.1 Dispersive FDTD Modeling of the Cloaking Structure 335

10.6.2 Numerical Results and Discussion 341

Chapter 11 Overviews and Final Remarks 353

11.2 Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of the FDTD Method in Modeling Metamaterials 353

11.3 Overview of Metamaterial Applications and Final Remarks 354

11.3.1 Small Antennas Enclosed by an ENG Shell 357

11.3.2 Focusing and Superlensing Effects 361

11.3.3 Performance Enhancement of Planar Antennas 370

11.3.4 Electromagnetic Cloaks 370.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Published in Norwood.MA :

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Louis A. Duhring Fund.

ISBN:

9781596931602

1596931604

OCLC:

233547458