Production technology of faience and related early viteous materials / M.S. Tite and A.J. Shortland ; with contributions from I. Angelini ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Tite, M. S.

Contributor:

Shortland, Andrew J.

University of Oxford. School of Archaeology.

George Clapp Vaillant Book Fund.

Series:

Monograph (University of Oxford. School of Archaeology) ; 72.

Monograph ; 72

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Faience--History--To 1500.

Faience.

Silica, Vitreous--History--To 1500.

Silica, Vitreous.

Industrial archaeology.

Industries, Primitive.

History.

Physical Description:

232 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.

Place of Publication:

Oxford : Oxford University School of Archaeology, [2008]

Summary:

The aim of this monograph is to bring together in a single volume the results of many years of research into the production technology of early vitreous materials.

The vitreous materials considered are glazed steatite, faience, Egyptian blue and green frits, and glazed pottery and bricks from Egypt, the Near East, the Indus Valley and Europe spanning the period from their beginnings in the 5th millennium BC through to the Roman period.

For each group of material, the emphasis is on presenting the available analytical and microstructural data which are then interpreted to provide information on the raw materials and methods of fabrication employed in their production. Where appropriate, the raw materials used in the production of these materials are compared with those used in the production of contemporary glass.

By bringing together data for such a wide range of materials, geographical regions and chronological periods, similarities and differences in production technology are identified, and the pattern of technological discovery, adoption, choice and transfer is thus revealed.

Contents:

1 Introduction 17

1.1 Experimental procedures 19

1.2 Terminology 21

1.3 Outline of monograph contents 22

2 Glazed Steatite / A. Bouquillon 23

2.1 Egypt 23

2.1.1 Historical overview 23

2.1.2 Methods of glazing and raw materials 24

2.2 Near East 29

2.3 Indus Valley 30

2.3.1 Historical overview 30

2.3.2 Methods of glazing and raw materials 31

2.3.3 Steatite "faience" 34

2.4 Discussion 35

3 Raw Materials and Fabrication Methods Used in the Production of Faience / P.B. Vandiver 37

3.1 Raw materials 37

3.1.1 Quartz 37

3.1.2 Alkali flux 38

3.1.3 Lime 43

3.1.4 Colorants 43

3.1.5 Provenance studies 45

3.2 Forming methods 46

3.3 Glazing methods 47

3.3.1 Macroscopic evidence 49

3.3.2 Microstructural evidence 49

3.3.3 Composition profiles 51

3.3.4 Summary 54

3.4 Methods of decoration 54

3.5 Faience variants 55

4 Faience Production in Egypt / A. Kaczmarczyk, P. B. Vandiver 57

4.1 Historical overview 58

4.2 Raw materials 60

4.2.1 Quartz 60

4.2.2 Alkali flux 66

4.2.3 Colorants 72

4.3 Microstructures and glazing methods 79

4.3.1 Copper colorant 80

4.3.2 Cobalt colorant 85

4.3.3 Particulate colorants 86

4.3.4 Discussion 90

5 Faience Production in the Near East and the Indus Valley / A. Bouquillon, A. Kaczmarczyk, P. B. Vandiver 93

5.1 Near East 93

5.1.1 Historical overview 94

5.1.2 Raw materials - quartz 95

5.1.3 Raw materials - alkali flux 95

5.1.4 Raw materials - colorants 97

5.1.5 Glazing methods 102

5.2 Indus Valley 104

5.2.1 Harappan faience 104

5.2.2 Nausharo faience 107

6 Faience Production in the Eastern Mediterranean / Y. Maniatis, M. Panagiotaki, A. Kaczmarczyk 111

6.1 Crete and the Greek mainland 111

6.1.1 Historical overview 111

6.1.2 Minoan faience 112

6.1.3 Mycenaean faience 121

6.2 Cyprus 125

6.2.1 Chalcolithic period faience 125

6.2.2 Bronze Age faience 126

6.3 Rhodes and the Archaic period 127

7 Faience Production in Northern and Western Europe / I. Angelini 129

7.1 Russia, Slovakia, Poland and Britain 129

7.1.1 Russia 129

7.1.2 Slovakia 132

7.1.3 Poland 134

7.1.4 Britain 135

7.2 Italy, France and Switzerland 136

7.2.1 Early Bronze Age (2100-1700/1650 BC) and Middle Bronze Age 1-2 (1700/1650-1450 BC) 138

7.2.2 Middle Bronze Age 3 and Recent Bronze Age (1450-1200 BC) 140

7.2.3 Final Bronze Age (1200-900 BC) 141

7.2.4 Iron Age (900-450 BC) 144

7.3 Discussion 145

8 Production of Egyptian Blue and Green Frits / G. D. Hatton 147

8.1 Historical overview 148

8.2 Production of Egyptian blue and green frits 150

8.2.1 Egyptian blue frit 150

8.2.2 Egyptian green frit 153

8.2.3 Colour parameters 153

8.3 Egyptian blue and green frits from Egypt 154

8.3.1 Microstructures 155

8.3.2 Chemical compositions and raw materials 158

8.3.3 Production centres for Egyptian blue and green frits 168

8.4 Egyptian blue frit from the Near East 168

8.4.1 Microstructures 170

8.4.2 Chemical compositions and raw materials 171

8.5 Egyptian blue frits from the Aegean 172

8.5.1 Microstructures 174

8.5.2 Chemical compositions and raw materials 175

8.6 Egyptian blue frits from the Roman Empire 176

8.6.1 Microstructures 178

8.6.2 Chemical compositions and raw materials 179

8.6.3 Production centres for Egyptian blue frits 184

9 Production of Glazed Pottery and Brickwork in the Near East / B. McCarthy, S. Paynter 187

9.1 Historical overview 188

9.2 Beginnings of glazed clay ceramics 189

9.3 Neo-Assyrian - Achaemenid period 193

9.3.1 Glazed clay ceramics 194

9.3.2 Glazed quartz-based ceramics 194

9.4 Seleucid-Sassanian period 196

10 Conclusions and Future Research 199

10.1 Technological choices 200

10.1.1 Quartz 201

10.1.2 Alkali flux 204

10.1.3 Colorants 205

10.1.4 Glazing methods 207

10.2 Independent invention, technological transfer and trade 208

10.2.1 Egypt, the Near East and the Indus Valley 208

10.2.2 Minoan Crete and the Mycenaean mainland 210

10.2.3 Northern and western Europe 211

10.3 Future work 212.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [219]-232).

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the George Clapp Vaillant Book Fund.

ISBN:

9781905905126

1905905122

OCLC:

277067765