Emerging issues and controversies in infectious disease / I. W. Fong, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Fong, I. W. (Ignatius W.)

Series:

Emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Emerging infectious diseases.

Emerging infectious diseases--Epidemiology.

Communicable Diseases, Infectious.

Communicable Diseases, Infectious--epidemiology.

Medical Subjects:

Communicable Diseases, Infectious.

Communicable Diseases, Infectious--epidemiology.

Physical Description:

xv, 388 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : Springer, [2009]

Summary:

This new volume of the Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century series is an up to date, state-of-the-art review on several important infections challenging clinicians, from the general practitioner to the various subspecialists that deals with infections.

Topics were chosen to address new emerging issues and controversies in clinical infectious Disease: Issues in Central nervous System Infections, Emerging issues in Head & Neck Infections, Current issues in Ventilator-associated pneumonia, Emerging issues in Pulmonary infections of Cystic fibrosis, Re-emergence of childhood respiratory infections in adults, New Concepts & emerging issues in sepsis, Febrile neutropenia: management issues, Emerging issues & trend in Clostriduim difficile colitis, Probiotics in Infections Disease, Device Related Infections, Current concepts of orthopedic implants and prosthetic joint infections, Combination antimicrobial therapies.

Contents:

Section A Bacterial and Fungal Infections

1 Issues in Central Nervous System Infections 3

1.1 Bacterial Meningitis 3

1.1.2 Pathophysiology of Meningitis 3

1.1.3 Clinical Issues in Meningitis 4

1.2 Adjunctive Therapy in Tuberculous Meningitis 15

1.2.2 Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis 17

1.3 Adjunctive Therapy in Fungal Meningitis 18

1.4 Future Directions 20

2 Emerging Issues in Head and Neck Infections 27

2.1 Current Issues in Sinusitis 27

2.1.2 Pathophysiology of Sinusitis 27

2.1.3 Issues in Diagnosis of Bacterial Sinusitis 28

2.1.4 Microbiology of Sinusitis 30

2.1.5 Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis 32

2.1.6 Management of Chronic Sinusitis 35

2.1.7 Issues in Acute Otitis Media 36

2.1.8 Clinical Practice Guidelines 40

2.1.9 Future Directions 41

Section B Emerging Trends in Pulmonary Infection

3 Current Issues in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia 49

3.2 Issues in the Diagnosis of VAP 49

3.2.1 Microbiological Techniques for Diagnosis 51

3.2.2 New Diagnostic Methods for VAP 55

3.3 Microbial Etiology of VAP 56

3.4 Issues in Treatment of VAP 57

3.5 Prevention of VAP 60

3.5.1 Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Prevention of VAP 61

3.5.2 Maintaining Gastric Acidity to Prevent VAP 63

3.5.3 Methods to reduce Aspiration 64

3.5.4 Ventilator Circuit and VAP 65

3.5.5 Summary of Prevention 65

3.6 Future Directions 66

4 Emerging Issues in Pulmonary Infections of Cystic Fibrosis 75

4.2 Pathobiology of Cystic Fibrosis 75

4.3 Microbiology 78

4.3.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 79

4.3.2 Late-Emerging Pathogens 80

4.3.3 Stentotrophomonas and Alcaligenes Species 81

4.3.4 Mycobacteria Species 81

4.3.5 Aspergillus Species and Other Fungi 82

4.3.6 Viral Infections 83

4.4 Management of Infections in CF 83

4.4.1 Infants with CF 84

4.4.2 Antipseudomonal Therapy 84

4.4.3 Maintenance Therapy 85

4.4.4 Treatment of Pulmonary Exacerbation 87

4.4.5 Treatment of Other Emerging Pathogens 89

4.5 Prevention of Infections in CF 90

4.6 Adjunctive Therapy for Pulmonary Exacerbation 90

4.6.1 Anti-inflammatory Therapy 91

4.7 Future Directions 92

5 Re-Emergence of Childhood Respiratory Infections in Adults (RSV & Pertussis) 103

A Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection in Adults 103

5.2 Microbiology and Pathogenesis 103

5.2.1 Immunity 104

5.2.2 Epidemiology 105

5.2.3 Management in Adults 107

5.2.4 Prevention 108

5.2.5 Future Directions 109

B Pertussis in Adults 113

5.3.1 Microbiology and Pathogenesis 114

5.3.2 Immunity 115

5.3.3 Epidemiology 116

5.3.4 Diagnosis and Management 118

5.3.5 Prevention 119

5.3.6 Future Directions 120

Section C New Concepts and Trends

6 New Concepts and Emerging Issues in Sepsis 127

6.3 Immune Response 128

6.4 Pathogenesis 130

6.4.1 Hemodynamics 132

6.4.2 Mechanisms 133

6.4.3 Apoptosis of Immune Cells 135

6.4.4 Immunoparalysis 136

6.4.5 Tissue Oxygenation 137

6.4.6 Coagulation 138

6.4.7 Complement System 139

6.4.8 ARDS in Sepsis 140

6.5 Management in Sepsis 141

6.6 Early Goal-Directed Therapy 141

6.7 Antimicrobial Therapy in Severe Sepsis 142

6.8 Activated Protein C 144

6.9 Corticosteroids in Severe Sepsis 145

6.10 Intensive Insulin Therapy 146

6.11 Vasopressin and Vasopressors 147

6.12 Blood Products in Sepsis 147

6.13 Ventilation and Other Adjunctive Therapy 148

6.14 Immunotherapies for Sepsis 149

6.15 Genetics and Sepsis 150

6.16 Future Directions 151

7 Febrile Neutropenia: Management Issues 165

7.2 Pathogenesis 166

7.3 Febrile Neutropenia Definition 167

7.4 Microbiology and Etiology 168

7.4.1 Initial Antibiotic Therapy 169

7.4.2 High-Risk Patients 171

7.4.3 Choice of Monotherapy 173

7.5 Duration of Therapy 174

7.6 Empiric Antifungal Therapy 175

7.7 Prevention 177

7.7.1 Prophylactic Antibiotics 177

7.7.2 Colony-Stimulating Factors 178

7.7.3 Antifungal Prophylaxis 179

7.8 Future Directions 180

8 Emerging Issues and Trends in Clostridium difficile Colitis 189

8.2 Microbiology 189

8.3 Pathogenesis 190

8.3.1 Binary Toxin and New Hypervirulent Strains 192

8.4 Clinical Aspects 194

8.4.1 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea 195

8.4.2 Risk Factors for CDAD 197

8.5 Diagnosis 199

8.6 Management 200

8.6.1 Specific Therapy 201

8.6.2 Recurrences of CDAD 204

8.6.3 Prevention 209

8.6.4 Future Directions 212

9 Probiotics in Infectious Diseases 227

9.3 Mechanisms of Action 229

9.3.1 Mucosal Integrity 229

9.3.2 Colonization Resistance 231

9.3.3 Inactivation of Microbial Toxins 232

9.3.4 Immunomdulation 232

9.3.5 Bacterial Translocation 234

9.4 Clinical Application of Probiotics 235

9.4.1 Probiotics for Newborns and Children 235

9.4.2 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea 238

9.4.3 Urogenital Infections 240

9.4.4 Probiotics in Vaginitis 245

9.4.5 Miscellaneous Infections 246

9.5 Probiotics as Food Additives 249

9.6 Adverse Effects of Probiotics 250

9.7 Conclusion and Future Directions 250

10 Device-Related Infections 261

10.2 Pathogenesis of Device-Related Infections 263

10.2.1 Impairment of Local Defence 264

10.2.2 Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents 265

10.3 Specific Device-Related Infections 267

10.3.1 Intravascular Devices 267

10.3.2 Prevention of Central versus Catheter Infections 274

10.4 Cardiovascular Device Infectious 277

10.4.1 Cardiac Devices and Infections 277

10.4.2 Trends in Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis 277

10.4.3 Infections of ICD, LVAD and Pacemakers 280

10.5 Vascular Grafts 285

10.6 Future Directions 287

11 Current Concepts of Orthopedic Implants and Prosthetic Joint Infections 299

11.2 Microbiological Aspects 299

11.3 Diagnosis 302

11.4 Clinical Presentation 304

11.5 Management 305

11.5.1 Basis of Medical Therapy 305

11.5.2 Principles of Surgical Management 308

11.5.3 Treatment Algorithm 312

11.5.4 Issues with Antimicrobial Therapy 313

11.6 Prevention of Orthopedic Device Infections 316

11.7 Future Directions 318

12 Combination Antimicrobial Therapies 327

12.2 Bacterial Infections 328

12.2.1 Bacterial Infective Endocarditis 328

12.2.2 In Vitro Testing of Synergy 329

12.2.3 Animal Models of Infective Endocarditis 330

12.2.4 Clinical Trials in Bacterial Endocarditis 332

12.2.5 Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections 337

12.2.6 Community-Acquired Pneumonia 338

12.3 Fungal Infections and Combination Therapy 338

12.3.1 In Vitro Antifungal Combination Assays 339

12.3.2 Antifungal Combinations for Candida species 342

12.3.3 Combination Therapy for Cryptococcal Meningitis 344

12.3.4 Combination Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis 345

12.4 Viral Infections 347

12.4.1 Chronic Hepatitis C Infections 347

12.4.2 Chronic Hepatitis B Virus 351

12.5 Parasitic Infections 355

12.5.1 Antimalarial Combination Therapies 355

12.5.2 Filariasis Therapies 358

12.5.3 Leishmaniasis 360

12.5.4 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) 361.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780387848402

0387848401

OCLC:

233933617