Health measurement scales : a practical guide to their development and use / David L. Streiner and Geoffrey R. Norman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Streiner, David L.

Contributor:

Norman, Geoffrey R.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Health surveys.

Health status indicators--Measurement.

Health status indicators.

Public health--Evaluation.

Public health.

Medical care--Evaluation.

Medical care.

Epidemiologic Methods.

Health Status Indicators.

Health Surveys.

Medical Subjects:

Epidemiologic Methods.

Health Status Indicators.

Health Surveys.

Physical Description:

xvii, 431 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2008.

Summary:

Clinicians and those in health sciences are frequently called upon to measure subjective states such as attitudes, feelings, quality of life, educational achievement and aptitude, and learning style in their patients. This fourth edition of Health Measurement Scales enables these groups, who often have limited knowledge of statistics, to both develop scales to measure non-tangible health outcomes, and better evaluate and differentiate between existing instruments.

This throughly updated edition covers how the individual items are developed; various biases that can affect responses; various response options; how to select the best items in the set; how to combine them into a scale; and then how to determine the reliability and validity of the scale. It concludes with a discussion of ethical issues that may be encountered, and guidelines for reporting the results of the scale development process. Appendices include a comprehensive guide to finding existing scales, and a brief introduction to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. New to this edition are a heavily revised chapter on generalizability theory, a new chapter on reporting test results, continued discussion of the differentiation between validity and validation, and the introduction of new ways of collecting data. This book synthesizes the theory of scale construction with practical advice, making it the ultimate guide to how to develop and validate measurement scales that are to be used in the health sciences.

Contents:

1 Introduction 1

2 Basic concepts 5

Searching the literature 6

Critical review 6

Empirical forms of validity 9

The two traditions of assessment 11

The reduction of measurement error 14

3 Devising the items 17

The source of items 18

Content validity 23

Generic versus specific scales and the 'fidelity versus bandwidth' issue 27

Translation 29

4 Scaling responses 37

Introduction 37

Some basic concepts 37

Categorical judgments 38

Continuous judgments 40

To rate or to rank 66

Multidimensional scaling 68

5 Selecting the items 77

Interpretability 77

Face validity 82

Frequency of endorsement and discrimination 83

Homogeneity of the items 85

Multifactor inventories 96

When homegeneity does not matter 97

Putting it all together 98

6 Biases in responding 103

The differing perspectives 103

Answering questions: the cognitive requirements 104

Optimizing and satisficing 108

Social desirability and faking good 110

Deviation and faking bad 115

Yea-saying or acquiescencne 118

End-aversion, positive skew, and halo 119

Framing 122

Biases related to the measurement of change 123

Estimates of the prior state-implicit theory of change 125

Reconciling the two positions 125

Proxy reporting 126

Testing the items 127

7 From items to scales 135

Weighting the items 135

Missing items 139

Multiplicative composite scores 140

Transforming the final score 143

Percentiles 144

Standard and standardized scores 146

Normalized scores 149

Age and sex norms 149

Establishing cut points 151

Methods based on characteristics of the distribution 152

Methods based on judgment 154

Absolute methods 154

Receiver operating characteristics curves 156

8 Reliability 167

Basic concepts 167

Philosophical implications 170

Terminology 173

Defining reliability 174

Other considerations in calculating the reliability of a test 177

The observer nested within subject 179

Multiple observations 180

Other types of reliability 182

Different forms of the reliability coefficient 183

Kappa coefficient versus the ICC 188

The method of Bland and Altman 190

Issues of interpretation 190

Improving reliability 196

Standard error of the reliability coefficient and sample size 198

Reliability generalization 202

The average value of r and α 203

The variance of the reliability estimates 204

Combining estimates 205

Factors affecting the reliability 206

9 Generalizability theory 211

Generalizability theory fundamentals 213

An Example 214

The First Step-the ANOVA 215

Step 2 From ANOVA to G coefficients 218

Relative vs. Absolute Error 219

Equivalent for the nested design 222

Generalizability of an average 222

Step 3 from G study to D study 223

ANOVA for statisticians and ANOVA for psychometricians 224

Confidence intervals for G coefficients 225

The general rules to compute G coefficients 226

Getting the computer to do it for you 227

Some Common Examples 228

Uses and abuses of G theory 244

10 Validity 247

Why assess validity? 247

Reliability and validity 248

A history of the 'types' of validity 249

Content validation 252

Criterion validation 254

Construct validation 257

Construct validational studies 258

Extreme groups 261

Convergent and discriminant validation 262

Consequential validation 263

The multitrait-multimethod matrix 264

Responsiveness and sensitivity to change 266

Validity and 'types of indices' 267

Biases in validity assessment 268

Unreliability of the criterion 271

Changes in the sample 273

Validity generalization 274

11 Measuring change 277

Introduction 277

The goal of measurement of change 277

Why not measure change directly? 278

Measures of association-reliability and sensitivity to change 280

Difficulties with changes scores in experimental designs 285

Change scores and quasi-experimental designs 286

Measuring change using multiple observations: growth curves 288

How much change is enough? 293

12 Item response theory 299

Problems with classical test theory 299

The introduction of item response theory 301

Item characteristic curves 302

The one-parameter model 304

The two-and three-parameter models 306

Polytomous models 309

Item information 312

Item fit 313

Person fit 315

Differential item functioning 315

Unidimensionality and local independence 316

The standard error of measurement 320

Equating tests 321

Sample size 322

Mokken scaling 323

Advantages 324

Disadvantages 326

Computer programs 327

13 Methods of administration 331

Face-to-face interviews 331

Advantages 331

Disadvantages 332

Telephone questionnaires 334

Random digit dialling 336

Advantages 337

Disadvantages 338

Mailed questionnaires 340

The necessity of persistence 346

Computer-assisted administration 348

Using e-mail and the Web 351

Personal data assistants 354

Reporting response rates 356

14 Ethical considerations 365

15 Reporting test results 373

Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing 374

The STARD initiative 376.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780199231881

0199231885

OCLC:

232365442