Global lessons from the AIDS pandemic : economic, financial, legal and political implications / Bradly J. Condon, Tapen Sinha.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Condon, Bradly J.

Contributor:

Sinha, Tapen.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

AIDS (Disease)--Economic aspects.

AIDS (Disease).

AIDS (Disease)--Government policy.

AIDS (Disease)--Law and legislation.

AIDS (Disease)--International cooperation.

HIV Infections--economics.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome--economics.

Developing Countries.

Politics.

Medical Subjects:

HIV Infections--economics.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome--economics.

Developing Countries.

Politics.

Physical Description:

xxvi, 364 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin : Springer, [2008]

Summary:

This book examines the global HIV/AIDS pandemic from a multidisciplinary perspective, analyzing its economic impact, the reasons behind the political response to the pandemic, international laws relating to public health and patents and mechanisms for financing global and national responses. The authors paint a global picture of the HIV/AIDS pandemic one issue, one country and one region at a time and show why prevention, treatment and human rights protection must each form part of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS strategy. The book analyzes the successes and failures of national governments, international organizations and the private sector in fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic and recommends changes to our international economic, financial, legal and political institutions. This book highlights the lessons the world has to learn from our experience with HIV/AIDS in order to improve the way we address global diseases.

Contents:

1 Introduction to the Economic, Financial, Political and Legal Implications of Global Pandemics 1

1.1 The Threat of Global Pandemics 1

1.2 The Origins of the HIV Virus 6

1.3 The Nature of HIV/AIDS 7

1.4 HIV/AIDS Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries 9

1.5 Insurance, Mortality, Treatment Costs and the Business Impact of HIV/AIDS 11

1.6 The Economics of HIV/AIDS 13

1.7 The Political Economy of Patents and Global Health Threats 15

1.8 Global Diseases, Global Patents and Developing Countries in WTO Law 17

1.9 Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs 19

1.10 The Successes and Failures of Global Health Organizations 20

1.11 Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights 21

1.12 Increasing the Effectiveness of Global Disease Management 23

2 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries 25

2.1 The Global Statistics 26

2.2 The African Epidemic: HIV/AIDS Becomes a Security Issue 30

2.3 South Africa: International Politics and Lack of Political Leadership 31

2.4 AIDS Strategy in Brazil: Integrating Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights 36

2.5 Thailand: Successful Prevention in the Sex Trade 46

2.6 Japan: The Xenophobic Denial Strategy 52

2.7 Australia: Nondiscriminatory Education and Prevention 55

2.8 Implications for Other Global Diseases 57

3 Insurance, Mortality, Treatment Costs and the Business Impact of HIV/AIDS in Developed and Developing Countries 67

3.1 HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries 67

3.1.1 The Insurance Industry and HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries 68

3.1.2 Problems of Mortality Projections and Insurance 68

3.1.3 Problems for Insurance Companies in Pricing Risks 70

3.1.4 Comparing HIV/AIDS with Diabetes 70

3.1.5 The Advent of Effective Treatment 71

3.1.6 The Impact of Drugs on Survivability 73

3.1.7 Estimating the Cost of HIV/AIDS Treatment in the Developed World 79

3.2 HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries 80

3.2.1 Errors in Measuring the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in India 81

3.2.2 Problems with Estimating Prevalence Using Antenatal Clinic Data 83

3.2.3 Insurance Companies' Problem with HIV/AIDS 85

3.2.4 The South African Life Insurance Business and HIV/AIDS 86

3.3 Public and Private Sector Health Care Strategies in Developing Countries 90

3.3.1 The Cost of Treatment in a Middle Income Country: Mexico 91

3.3.2 Viatical Settlements: A Financial Byproduct of HIV/AIDS 93

3.3.3 Economic Incentives for Companies to Pay for Prevention and Treatment 99

3.3.4 Business Strategies in High Prevalence Countries 103

3.4 Implications for Other Global Diseases 106

4 The Economics of HIV/AIDS 111

4.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS 111

4.2 Social Capital and HIV/AIDS 112

4.3 Relationships Between HIV/AIDS and Poverty, Inequality and Social Capital Using Global Data 113

4.4 The Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS in a Macroeconomic Growth Model 115

4.5 Macroeconomic Models: HIV/AIDS and Economic Growth 116

4.5.1 The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Per Capita Income 117

4.5.2 The Role of Human Capital 117

4.5.3 The Transmission of Human Capital 121

4.5.4 Fertility, HIV/AIDS and Economic Growth 123

4.5.5 Fertility and Human Capital Accumulation 124

4.5.6 Summary of Reviewed Literature on Fertility and Human Capital 127

4.6 Microeconomic and Epidemiological Models of Behavior 128

4.6.1 Do Ugandans Behave Differently? 128

4.6.2 An Epidemiological Interpretation of the Ugandan Results 132

4.6.3 Do Africans Behave Differently? 134

4.6.4 An Economic Explanation of Why Ugandan Results Differ 136

4.7 The Cost of Scaling Up Prevention and Treatment in Developing Countries 140

4.8 Economic Tradeoffs 142

4.8.1 The Zambian Dilemma 142

4.8.2 The Tradeoff Among Competing Needs 143

4.9 The Economics of SARS 144

4.10 Implications for Other Global Diseases 147

5 The Political Economy of Patents and Global Health Threats 153

5.1 The Political Economy of Compulsory Licensing 154

5.1.1 The Case of Anthrax 154

5.1.2 The WTO Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 156

5.1.3 The Problem Identified in Paragraph 6 of the TRIPS Declaration 157

5.1.4 Abbott in Thailand 161

5.1.5 Foreign Aid, Foreign AIDS and Regulatory Capture 162

5.1.6 Undermining TRIPS in Free Trade Agreements 165

5.2 Regulatory Capture of the Patent System 166

5.2.1 Regulatory Capture of National Patent Law 167

5.2.2 Regulatory Capture of International Patent Law 168

5.3 The New Economics of Patents 170

5.3.1 Two Centuries of Patent Protection in Europe and the United States 171

5.3.2 Innovation and Patents 172

5.4 Implications for Other Global Diseases 182

6 Global Diseases, Global Patents and Developing Countries in WTO Law 187

6.1 Key TRIPS Exceptions Relating to Patents 188

6.1.1 TRIPS Article 30 189

6.1.2 TRIPS Article 31 191

6.1.3 The Paragraph 6 Decision 192

6.1.4 Implementation and Use of the Paragraph 6 Decision by WTO Members 194

6.2 Special and Differential Treatment in WTO Law 196

6.3 The Economic Impact of Patents and their Effect on Development Needs 202

6.3.1 Are Global Patents Necessary to Provide Research Incentives for Neglected Diseases? 203

6.3.2 Are Global Patents Necessary to Provide Research Incentives for Global Diseases? 204

6.4 Making Patents Effective in Achieving Economic and Development Objectives 205

6.4.1 Solving the Problem Through Interpretation or Amendment 206

6.4.2 Eligibility for Exemption from Patent Obligations 207

6.5 Implications for Other Global Diseases 213

7 Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Global Fund, Bilateral Donors and the Private Sector 217

7.1 Overview of HIV/AIDS Funding 217

7.2 The World Bank: A Development Institution 226

7.2.1 Nature of World Bank Operations Related to HIV/AIDS 226

7.2.2 Scope of World Bank Operations 229

7.2.3 The Effectiveness of the World Bank 233

7.3 The International Monetary Fund (IMF): A Multilateral Financial Institution 235

7.3.1 Nature of IMF Operations 236

7.3.2 Scope of IMF Operations 237

7.3.3 Effectiveness of the IMF 237

7.4 The Global Fund: A Fundraising and Financing Institution 239

7.4.1 Nature of Global Fund Operations 239

7.4.2 Scope of Global Fund Operations 241

7.4.3 Effectiveness of the Global Fund 242

7.5 Bilateral Donors 247

7.6 The Role of the Private Sector in Funding Prevention and Treatment 249

7.6.1 Incentives for Companies to Invest in HIV/AIDS Programs 249

7.6.2 Market-Based Initiatives to Increase Private Sector Funding 252

7.6.3 Funding from Private Charitable Foundations 255

7.7 Implications for Other Global Diseases 257

8 The Successes and Failures of Global Health Organizations: The World Health Organization, UNAIDS, Medicins sans Frontieres and PEPFAR 265

8.1 The World Health Organization: A Multilateral Health Institution 265

8.1.1 Nature of WHO Operations Related to HIV/AIDS 267

8.1.2 Scope of WHO Operations Related to HIV/AIDS 267

8.1.3 The 2005 WHO International Health Regulations 273

8.1.4 The Effectiveness of the WHO 279

8.2 UNAIDS: A Specialized Multilateral Agency 281

8.2.1 Scope of UNAIDS Operations 282

8.2.2 Effectiveness of UNAIDS 284

8.3 Doctors Without Borders (Medicins sans Frontieres) 285

8.3.1 Operations Related to HIV/AIDS 286

8.3.2 Effectiveness of MSF Operations 286

8.4 US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 287

8.5 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 292

8.6 Implications for Other Global Diseases 295

9 The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights 301

9.1 The Importance of HIV/AIDS Prevention 301

9.1.1 HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategies 304

9.1.2 Barriers to Increasing HIV Prevention 313

9.2 The Future of HIV Treatment 314

9.2.1 Obstacles to Increasing the Number of People Receiving Treatment 316

9.2.2 Second-Line Treatment 322

9.2.3 Vaccines for HIV/AIDS 323

9.3 Public Health and Human Rights 326

9.3.1 Laws that Discriminate Against Vulnerable Groups 327

9.3.2 Laws that Discriminate Against HIV-Positive People 332

9.3.3 Laws that Prohibit Discrimination Against Vulnerable Groups 341

9.3.4 Risk Management: The Tradeoff between Human Rights and HIV Prevention 346

9.4 The Future of HIV/AIDS 347.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9783540783916

3540783911

9783540783923

354078392X

OCLC:

221150902