Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) : a practical introduction and survival guide / Oleg S. Pianykh.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Pianykh, Oleg S.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Diagnostic imaging--Digital techniques--Standards.

Diagnostic imaging.

Communication in medicine--Standards.

Communication in medicine.

Picture archiving and communication systems--Standards.

Picture archiving and communication systems.

Diagnostic Imaging--standards.

Radiology Information Systems--standards.

Computer Communication Networks--standards.

Diagnostic imaging--Digital techniques.

Medical Subjects:

Diagnostic Imaging--standards.

Radiology Information Systems--standards.

Computer Communication Networks--standards.

Physical Description:

xx, 383 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin : Springer, [2008]

Summary:

This is the first Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) book to introduce this complex imaging standard from a very practical point of view. It is aimed at a broad audience of radiologists, clinical administrators, information technologists, and digital medicine practitioners. It provided a gradual, down-to-earth introduction to DICOM and is accompanied by an analysis of the most common pitfalls and problems associated with its implementations. Whether you are running a teleradiology project or writing DICOM software, this book is for you; it will prepare you for any DICOM project or problem solving and will help you to take full advantage of this powerful too.

Contents:

Part I: Introduction to Dicom

1 What Is DICOM? 3

2 How Does DICOM Work? 7

3 Where Do You Get DICOM from? 11

3.1 DICOM vs. Digital 11

3.2 DICOM, DICOM-Compatible, DICOM-Ready? 12

3.3 In the Middle of Nowhere 14

4 A Brief History of DICOM 17

4.1 How Did This All Get Started? 17

Part II: Dicom and Clinical Data

5 Parlez-Vous DICOM? 25

5.1 IT Boot Camp 25

5.2 Text vs. Binary 27

5.3 DICOM Grammar: Value Representations 29

5.3.1 VR Length 34

5.3.2 Characters: Foreign and Wild 35

5.3.3 Text VRs: CS, SH, LO, ST, LT, UT 36

5.3.4 Dates and Times: DA, TM, DT, AS 36

5.3.5 Numbers in Text Format: IS, DS 37

5.3.6 Numbers in Binary Format: SS, US, SL, UL, FL, FD, OB, OW, OF, AT 37

5.3.7 PN: Storing Person's Names 38

5.3.8 AE: Naming Application Entities 39

5.3.9 UIDs: Unique Identifiers 39

5.3.10 SQ: Sequencing Data Sets 40

5.3.11 UN: Representing Unknown Values 40

5.4 DICOM Data Dictionary 42

5.4.1 Standard DICOM Data Dictionary 42

5.4.2 Private DICOM Data Dictionaries 45

5.4.3 Standard DICOM Command Dictionary 46

5.5 DICOM Objects 46

5.5.1 Encoding Data Elements 48

5.5.2 Encoding Data Groups 53

5.5.3 Example: Element and Group Lengths 55

5.5.4 Encoding DICOM Data Objects 56

5.5.5 SQ: Encoding DICOM Object Sequences 57

5.5.6 Required and Optional Data Elements 63

5.5.7 Storing Image Data 64

5.5.8 Unique Identifiers 65

5.6 DICOM Information Hierarchy 67

5.6.1 Problems with Patient ID 69

5.6.2 Problems with Study, Series, and Image UIDs 71

5.6.3 Hierarchical and Relational Data 72

5.7 Modules, lODs, and Information Entities 74

5.7.1 Macro Attributes: Making it Easier 75

5.7.2 Information Modules: Basic Data Blocks 75

5.7.3 Information Entities 79

5.7.4 DICOM Information Objects 80

5.7.5 lODs and Their Instances 81

5.7.6 Learning More 83

6 Medical Images in DICOM 85

6.1 DICOM BMPs 85

6.2 Image Compression 90

6.2.1 Lossless Compression 92

6.2.2 Lossy Compression 93

6.2.3 Streaming Compression 95

6.2.4 Choosing the Right Compression Technique 98

6.3 Working with Digital Medical lmages 101

6.3.1 Image Interpolation 101

6.3.2 Image Reconstructions 103

6.3.3 Grayscale Depth 106

6.3.4 Waveforms 109

Part III: Dicom Communications

7 DICOM SOPs: Basic 115

7.1 Identifying Units on the DICOM Network 116

7.2 Services and Data 120

7.2.1 DIMSE Services 121

7.2.2 Simple DIMSE Example: C-Echo 122

7.2.3 Service-Object Pairs 130

7.2.4 The Verification SOP 131

7.3 Storage 132

7.3.1 C-Store IOD 134

7.3.2 C-Store DIMSE 135

7.4 Query: Find 138

7.4.1 A Few Words on Data Matching in DICOM 140

7.4.2 C-Find IOD 142

7.4.3 C-FindDIMSE 145

7.4.4 C-Cancel 148

7.5 Modality Worklist 149

7.5.1 TheMWLIOD 151

7.5.2 The MWL DIMSE 152

7.6 Basic DICOM Retrieval: C-Get 152

7.6.1 The C-Get IOD n 154

7.6.2 C-Get DIMSE 157

7.7 Advanced DICOM Retrieval: C-Move 159

7.7.1 The C-Move 10D 161

7.7.2 The C-Move DIMSE 162

7.7.3 C-Move vs. C-Get 164

7.8 DICOM Ping, Push, and Pull 166

7.9 Gentleman's Toolkit 167

7.10 Matching Application Roles 167

8 DICOM SOPs: Beyond Basic 171

8.1 Storage Commitment 171

8.2 Secondary Capture 172

8.3 Structured Reports 173

8.4 Encapsulated PDFs 175

8.5 Hardcopy Printing 177

9 DICOM Associations 179

9.1 Association Establishment Basics 180

9.2 Association Establishment 182

9.3 Abstract Syntax 182

9.4 Transfer Syntax 187

9.5 Application Context 190

9.6 Presentation Context 192

9.7 User information 195

9.8 Protocol Data Unit 197

9.8.1 A-Associate-RQ 199

9.8.2 A-Associate-AC 200

9.8.3 A-Associate-Rf 203

9.8.4 A-Abort 204

9.8.5 A-Release-RQ and A-Release-RP 204

9.8.6 P-Data-TF 205

9.8.7 How Associations Terminate 206

9.9 What Do I Do When it Fails? 207

9.10 Point-to-Point Spell 209

9.11 Networking: Standard and Beyond 213

Part IV: Dicom Media and Security

10 DICOM Media: Files, Folders, and DICOMDIRs 221

10.1 DICOM File Format 222

10.1.1 Preamble and D1CM Prefix 222

10.1.2 Group 0002: DICOM File Meta Information 223

10.1.3 Data Object 225

10.1.4 DICOM File IDs and Names 225

10.2 Special DICOM File Formats 227

10.2.1 DICOMDIR 227

10.2.2 Secure DICOM File Format 234

10.3 DICOM File Services 234

10.3.1 DICOM File Set 235

10.3.2 File Management Roles and Services 235

10.4 Grains of Salt 238

10.4.1 DICOMDIR 238

10.4.2 Media Storage 240

10.4.3 Please, Send Us Some Film! 241

10.4.4 Export and Import 241

10.5 Storing DICOM Data in PACS 242

10.5.1 File-Based PACS Storage 243

10.5.2 Database-Based PACS Storage 244

10.5.3 Mixed PACS Storage Models 245

10.5.4 Choice of Internal File Format 246

11 DICOM Security 247

11.1 DICOM Hacking 247

11.2 Securing the Workflow 249

11.3 Securing the Data 251

11.3.1 Anonymization 251

11.3.2 Encryption 256

11.3.2.1 How it All Works 256

11.3.2.2 Encrypting the Data 258

11.3.2.3 Verifying Data Integrity 258

11.3.2.4 Validating Data Origin 259

11.4 Concluding Remarks on Security 261

12 Incompatibility of Compatible 263

12.1 DICOM Conformance 263

12.2 Testing, Testing, and Yes, More Testing 264

12.3 Who Wants DICOM? 266

12.4 DICOM from a Black Box 267

12.5 "Home-Made" DICOMs 268

12.6 Open-Source DICOM 269

Part V: Advanced Topics

13 DICOM and Teleradiology 275

13.1 Can I See the Image? 275

13.2 You're Got Mail 278

13.3 Teleradiology 280

13.4 DICOM and the WWW 286

13.5 "DICOM Email" 289

13.6 From PACS to PDAs? 292

13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Project 295

13.8 Conclusion 298

14 Standards and System Integration in Digital Medicine 301

14.1 HL7: HIS and RIS 302

14.2 Integration Problems 305

14.2.1 Data Integration 307

14.2.2 Application Integration 308

14.3 IHE: Integration Profiles 309

15 Disaster PACS Planning and Management 313

15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS 313

15.2 Extreme PACS 316

15.2.1 Digging in the Dirt 317

15.2.2 Confidentiality and Security 319

15.2.3 Archiving 320

15.2.4 Disaster-Proof PACS Design 320

16 DICOM Software Development 325

16.1 Developing DICOM from Scratch 325

16.2 The "I just need to open this DICOM file" Project 325

16.3 Implementing DICOM 326

16.4 Learning from Others 329

17 DICOM Implementation Plans 331

17.1 Imaging Center 331

17.2 Teleradiology Center 332

17.3 Hospital 334

17.4 Image-Processing Laboratory 335

18 DICOM FAQs 339

18.1 Frequent Problems 339

18.1.1 I Want to Go Digital.

How Do I Start? 339

18.1.2 How Do I Distinguish DICOM Files from Others? 339

18.1.3 I Am Trying to Open a File in My DICOM Program, and it Does Not Open 340

18.1.4 What Is DICOMDIR? 340

18.1.5 I Send a Study to My DICOM Device, but it Never Gets There 341

18.1.6 I Send a Study to My PACS Archive: it Arrives There, but Becomes Merged with Another Study (Patient) 341

18.1.7 I Need to Send This Study to a Remote Facility 341

18.1.8 I Open a DICOM Image in My Software, and it Looks Wrong 342

18.1.9 I Do Some Image Editing on My PACS, but When I Send it to Another System, the Editing Is Missing 342

18.1.10 Can I Break My DICOM Device if I DICOM-Connect it to Another? 342

18.2 Naive Questions that Physicians Like to Ask and Salesmen Like to Brag About 343

18.2.1 Do I Get the Original Image Resolution if I Buy Your PACS? 343

18.2.2 Is Your System Web-Based? 343

18.2.3 Can You Connect to My CT Scanner (MR, Ultrasound, Positron Emission Tomography, and so on)? 344

18.2.4 Do You Have 3D Imaging (Perfusion, Diffusion, Volume Measurements, and so on)? 344

18.2.5 Does Your System Support Multitasking (e.g., Multithreading, 64-bit Processors)? 345

18.2.6 Can I Use Your System for Teleradiology? 345

18.2.7 How Fast Can You Transfer the Images? 346

18.2.8 How Much Data Can I Store in Your PACS? 346

18.2.9 Is Your DICOM Software Secure? 347

18.2.10 Do You Have Full-Fidelity DICOM? 347.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [379]-380) and index.

ISBN:

354074570X

9783540745709

OCLC:

228063656