Science and technology of polymer nanofibers / Anthony L. Andrady.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Andrady, A. L. (Anthony L.)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanofibers.

Electrospinning.

Synthetic products.

Polymers.

Physical Description:

xix, 403 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, [2008]

Summary:

Discover new and emerging applications of polymer nanofibers alongside the basic underlying science and technology. With discussions exploring such practical applications as filters, fabrics, sensors, catalysts, scaffolding, drug delivery, and wound dressings, the book goes beyond a basic scholarly treatment to provide polymer scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, practical "how-to" reference. Moreover, the author offers an expert assessment of polymer nanofibers' near-term potential for commercialization.

Among the highlights of coverage is the book's presentation of the science and technology of electrospinning, including practical information on how to electrospin different polymer systems. Electrospinning introduces a new level of versatility and broader range of materials into the micro/nanofiber range. An old technology, electrospinning has been rediscovered, refined, and expanded into non-textile applications. The author shows how electrospinning is unique among nanofiber fabrication techniques in terms of process control, materials combinations, and the potential for scale-up.

Other key topics include: Factors affecting nanofiber quality, Composite nanofibers, Physical applications of nanofibers, Characterization of nanofibers and mats, Biomedical applications of nanofibers.

Throughout the book, the author tabulates and describes all the reliable data to guide experimenters in their selection of systems for their own nanofiber research and development projects. To discover the enormous potential of polymer nanofibers and advance your own research, rely on this reference as your essential guide to the field.

Contents:

1.1 Historical Background 3

1.2 Basic Experimental Approach 7

1.3 Description of Electrostatic Spinning 9

1.3.1 Droplet Generation 10

1.3.2 Taylor's Cone Formation 13

1.3.3 Launching of the Jet 14

1.3.4 Elongation of Straight Segment 16

1.3.5 Whipping Instability Region 18

1.3.6 Solidification into Nanofiber 22

1.4 Nanofiber Application Areas 23

1.4.1 Filtration and Protective Apparel 24

1.4.2 Tissue Scaffolding and Drug Delivery 25

1.4.3 Nanocomposities 25

1.4.4 Sensor Applications 26

2 Introduction to Polymer Solutions 27

2.1 Average Molecular Weight 28

2.2 Selecting Solvents: Solubility Parameter 31

2.3 Thermodynamic Criterion for Solubility 35

2.3.1 Change in Entropy 36

2.3.2 Change in Enthalpy ([Delta]H[subscript mix]) 39

2.4 Macromolecular Models 41

2.5 Viscosity of Dilute Polymer Solutions 45

2.6 Concentrated Polymer Solutions 50

3 Electrospinning Basics 55

3.1 Molecular Weight Effects 56

3.1.1 The Simha-Frisch Parameter, [eta]c 56

3.1.2 Solution Entanglement Number n[subscript e] 63

3.2 Electrical Charge 68

3.3 Bead Formation in Electrospinning 71

3.4 Introduction to Electrospinning Practice 76

4 Factors Affecting Nanofiber Quality 81

4.1 The Polymer Solution 83

4.1.1 Concentration Effects 83

4.1.2 Solvent System 86

4.1.3 Conductivity 88

4.1.4 Surface Tension 91

4.1.5 Dielectric Constant [epsilon] 93

4.1.6 Volatility 96

4.2 Environment 97

4.3 Collector 99

4.3.1 Collector Geometry 99

4.3.2 Collector Material 101

4.4 Applied Potential 102

4.4.1 Applied Voltage V 102

4.4.2 Polarity of the Tip 103

4.5 Feed Rate 105

4.6 Capillary Tip 106

4.7 Gap Distance 108

4.8 Relative Importance of Variables 108

4.9 Examples of Reported Data 109

5 Characterization of Nanofibers and Mats 111

5.1 Mat Porosity and Pore Size Distribution 115

5.1.1 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry 117

5.1.2 Liquid Extrusion Porosimetry 119

5.1.3 Capillary Flow Porometry 121

5.1.4 Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) Surface Area 123

5.1.5 Other Approaches 125

5.2 Nanofiber Diameters and Pore Sizes by Microscopy 126

5.2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy Technique 129

5.3 Mechanical Properties of Mats 133

5.3.1 Mat-Related Variables 135

5.4 Single-Fiber Characterization 139

5.4.1 Using the AFM for Single-Nanofiber Measurement 141

5.4.1.1 Nanoindentation 142

5.4.1.2 Bending Test 143

5.4.1.3 Uniaxial Extension 145

5.5 Nanofiber Crystallinity 146

5.5.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Technique 146

5.5.2 X-ray Diffraction Methods 148

6 Composite Nanofibers 153

6.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Nanofibers 156

6.1.1 Dispersion of Nanotubes 158

6.1.2 Orientation of Nanotubes 164

6.1.3 Other Carbons 168

6.2 Metal-Nanofiber Composites 169

6.2.1 Direct Electrospinning 169

6.2.2 Reductive Post-Reaction 171

6.2.3 Gas-Phase Post-Reaction 172

6.3 Polymer-Clay Composites 173

6.4 Decorated or Exocomposite Nanofibers 177

6.4.1 Nanofiber-Nanoparticle Composites 177

6.4.1.1 Dry Methods 177

6.4.1.2 Wet Methods 180

6.4.2 Nanofiber-Nanotube Composites 180

7 Biomedical Applications of Nanofibers 183

7.1 Drug Delivery Applications 184

7.1.1 Drug-Loaded Fibers 186

7.1.2 Controlled Delivery of Macromolecules 191

7.2 Scaffolding Applications of Nanofibers 194

7.2.1 Natural Biopolymers 198

7.2.1.1 Collagen and Elastin 199

7.2.1.2 Fibrinogen 202

7.2.1.3 Silk 203

7.2.1.4 Chitin/Chitosan 206

7.2.1.5 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) 208

7.2.2 Synthetic Polymers 208

7.2.2.1 Polyglycolides (PGA) 209

7.2.2.2 Polylactide (PLA) 210

7.2.2.3 Poly([epsilon]-caprolactone) (PCL) 211

7.2.3 Scaffolding with Stem Cells 216

7.3 Other Applications 218

7.3.1 Wound Care Applications 218

7.3.2 Immobilized Bioactive Moieties on Nanofibers 220

7.4 Future Directions 222

8 Applications of Nanofiber Mats 225

8.1 Introduction to Air Filtration 225

8.1.1 Nanofiber Filter Performance 232

8.1.2 Filters with Nanofibers 233

8.2 Nanofiber Sensors 235

8.2.1 Gravimetric Sensors 236

8.2.2 Conductivity Sensors 237

8.2.3 Optical Sensors 240

8.3 Inorganic Nanofibers 241

8.3.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry 241

8.3.2 Oxide Nanofibers 242

9 Recent Developments in Electrospinning 249

9.1 Nanofibers with Surface Porosity 249

9.1.1 Extraction of a Component from Bicomponent Nanofibers 250

9.1.2 Phase Separation During Electrospinning 252

9.2 Core-Shell Nanofibers 257

9.2.1 Coaxial Electrospinning 258

9.2.2 Core-Shell Geometry by Post-Treatment of Nanofibers 263

9.3 Highly Aligned Nanofiber Mats 265

9.3.1 Parallel Electrode Collector 266

9.3.2 Rotating Cylinder Collectors 267

9.3.3 Chain Orientation During Fiber Alignment 271

9.3.4 Infrared Dichroism 272

9.4 Mixed Polymer Nanofibers and Nanofiber Mats 274

9.5 Crosslinked Nanofibers 277

9.5.1 Photocrosslinked Nanofibers 277

9.5.2 Crosslinking Agents 279

Appendix I Electrospun Polymers Used in Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Applications 283

Appendix II Summary Table of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers 291.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 329-387) and index.

ISBN:

9780471790594

0471790591

OCLC:

153598313

Online:

Publisher description

Contributor biographical information