Thermal and flow measurements / T.-W. Lee.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lee, T.-W. (Tae-Woo)

Contributor:

Hazel M. Hussong Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Fluid dynamics.

Thermodynamics.

Physical Description:

390 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2008]

Summary:

Thermal and flow processes are ubiquitous in mechanical, aerospace and chemical engineering systems. Experimental methods including thermal and flow diagnostics are therefore an important element in preparation of future engineers and researchers in this field. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of experimentation, a fundamental guidance book is essential in the engineering curriculum and as a technical reference.

This book provides a synthesis of the basic science and engineering of diagnostic methods that students and engineers need to understand, design and apply to measurements in mechanical, aerospace and chemical engineering processes. A clear exposition is given on the basic concepts and application aspects of a wide range of thermal and flow diagnostics, starting from basic sensors, flow visualization, velocimetry, laser optical diagnostics, particle sizing methods, gas sampling methods, to micro-, nano-scale sensors and lidars. The presentation of topics will allow the readers to see the fundamental principles behind each methodology as well as the application details.

Features

Shows how measurements of thermal and flow parameters, such as velocity, temperature, and pressure are made using various instrumentation

Introduces students to a broad range of disciplines that conduct experimental measurements with thermal, flow, and chemical parameters

Covers background concepts before moving on to advanced topics in measurements of flow velocities, temperature, pressure, and chemical composition

Contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Thermal and Flow Measurements 1

1.2 Some Examples of Thermal and Flow Measurements 3

1.3 Characteristics of Measurement Systems 8

1.4 Time Response of Measurement Systems 12

1.5 Time-Series Analysis and Signal Processing 19

1.6 Error Estimates and Uncertainty Analysis 25

1.6.1 Error Estimates Using Gaussian Distribution 28

1.6.2 Data Regression 32

1.6.3 Uncertainty Analysis 34

1.7 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 38

1.8 Basic Science and Engineering in Thermal and Flow Measurements 43

Chapter 2 Basic Measurements of Pressure, Temperature, and Flow Rates 49

2.1 Pressure Measurements 49

2.1.1 Manometers 51

2.1.2 Pressure Transducers Based on Elastic Strain 53

2.1.3 Piezoelectric Transducers 56

2.1.4 Some Implementation Issues 57

2.2 Temperature Sensors 59

2.2.1 Temperature Measurements Based on Thermal Expansion of Materials 60

2.2.2 Thermocouples 61

2.2.3 Resistance-Based Temperature Sensors 66

2.2.4 Pyrometer Measurements of Temperature 71

2.3 Strain Gauges 75

2.4 Flow Rate Measurements 78

2.4.1 Obstruction Flowmeters 79

2.4.2 Rotameters 82

2.4.3 Turbine Flowmeters 83

2.4.4 Thermal Mass Flowmeters 83

2.4.5 Flow Velocity Measurements Using Pitot and Static Pressure Probes 85

Chapter 3 Flow Visualization and Image Analysis 89

3.1 Introduction 89

3.2 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 90

3.3 Direct Photography Using Flow Tracers 95

3.4 Surface Imaging Using Thermochromatic Liquid Crystals and Pressure-Sensitive Coatings 97

3.5 Shadowgraph and Schlieren Imaging 98

3.6 Interferometry 106

Holographic Imaging 108

3.7 Laser Tomographic Imaging 113

3.8 Image Processing and Analysis 117

3.8.1 Image Acquisition 117

3.8.2 Basic Image Operations 118

3.8.3 Image Enhancements 120

3.8.4 Edge Detection 122

Chapter 4 Flow Velocity Measurements 129

4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 130

4.2.1 The Operating Principle 130

4.2.2 Operational Setup 138

4.2.3 Particle Seeding 146

4.3 Hot Wire Anemometry 149

4.3.1 Operating Principle 150

4.3.2 Operational Considerations 153

4.4 Particle Image Velocimetry 158

4.4.1 Particle Image Density 161

4.4.2 Stereoscopic PIV for Three-Component Velocity Measurements 162

4.5 Other Image-Based Methods 165

Chapter 5 Optical Diagnostics for Measurements of Species Concentrations and Temperature 173

5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 Rayleigh Scattering 174

5.2.1 Rayleigh Scattering Theory 174

5.2.2 Applications of Rayleigh Scattering 180

5.3 Mie Scattering 184

5.3.1 Applications and Assessments 187

5.4 Raman Scattering 190

5.5 Molecular Energy and Spectroscopy 196

5.5 Laser-Induced Fluorescence 201

5.7 Thermometry Based on LIF 207

5.8 Vibrational and Rotational Spectroscopy 209

5.9 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 211

Chapter 6 Particle Sizing and Two-Phase Flow Measurements 223

6.1 Introduction 223

6.2 Parameters to Characterize Groups of Particles 224

6.3 Light Scattering and Extinction Measurements of Particle Size 227

6.4 Laser-Induced Incandescence Measurements of Particle Volume Fraction and Size 230

6.5 Laser Diffraction 233

6.6 Phase Doppler Analysis 233

6.7 Particle Mass Flux Measurements 240

6.7.1 Fiberoptic Correlation Method 240

6.7.2 Acoustic Measurements 241

6.7.3 Capacitance Probes 243

6.8 Isokinetic Sampling 244

Chapter 7 Gas Sampling Measurements 251

7.1 Introduction 251

7.2 Sampling Probes 251

7.3 Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR) Analyzers 255

7.4 Measurements of Nitric Oxides 258

7.5 Hydrocarbon Analysis 260

7.6 Measurements of Sulfur Oxides 261

7.7 Gas Chromatography 263

7.8 Mass Spectroscopy 274

Chapter 8 Scaled Measurements 279

8.1 Introduction 279

8.2 MEMS Devices 279

8.2.1 Microfabrication Methods 280

8.2.2 Microfluidic Sensors and Devices 284

8.2.3 Pressure and Temperature Sensors 287

8.2.4 Bio- and Chemical Sensors 289

8.3 Nanotechnology Sensors 293

8.4 Microscopic Imaging Techniques 296

8.5 LIDARS 301.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Hazel M. Hussong Fund.

ISBN:

9780849379703

0849379709

OCLC:

166358354