Physics and chemistry of interfaces / Hans-Jürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, Michael Kappl.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Butt, Hans-Jürgen.

Contributor:

Graf, Kh. (Karlheinz)

Kappl, Michael, 1963-

Hazel M. Hussong Fund.

Series:

Physics textbook

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Surface chemistry.

Surfaces (Physics).

Physical Description:

x, 386 pages : illustrations ;c24 cm.

Edition:

Second, revised and enlarged edition.

Place of Publication:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, [2006]

Summary:

This second edition of the excellent reference work has been supplemented by such up-to-date topics as depletion forces, surface modification by plasma polymerization, principles of lithography, or inverse gas chromatography, while the number and variety of exercises has been increased. The text reflects the many facets of this discipline by linking physical fundamentals, especially those taken from thermodynamics, with application-specific topics. Similarly, the theory behind important concepts is backed by clearly explained by scientific-engineering aspects as well as a wide range of high-end applications from microelectronics and biotechnology. Written to be understood intuitively by those with a general comprehension of the topic, and not burdened by details, this book is aimed at advanced students (and their teachers) in physics, chemistry and material sciences, as well as engineers and natural scientists requiring background knowledge in surface and interface science.

Contents:

2 Liquid surfaces 5

2.1 Microscopic picture of the liquid surface 5

2.2 Surface tension 6

2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace 9

2.3.1 Curved liquid surfaces 9

2.3.2 Derivation of the Young-Laplace equation 11

2.3.3 Applying the Young-Laplace equation 12

2.4 Techniques to measure the surface tension 13

2.5 The Kelvin equation 16

2.6 Capillary condensation 19

2.7 Nucleation theory 22

3 Thermodynamics of interfaces 29

3.1 The surface excess 29

3.2 Fundamental thermodynamic relations 32

3.2.1 Internal energy and Helmholtz energy 32

3.2.2 Equilibrium conditions 33

3.2.3 Location of the interface 34

3.2.4 Gibbs energy and definition of the surface tension 35

3.2.5 Helmholtz surface energy, interfacial enthalpy, and Gibbs surface energy 36

3.3 The surface tension of pure liquids 37

3.4 Gibbs adsorption isotherm 39

3.4.1 Derivation 39

3.4.2 System of two components 40

3.4.3 Experimental aspects 41

3.4.4 The Marangoni effect 42

4 The electric double layer 45

4.2 Poisson-Boltzmann theory of the diffuse double layer 46

4.2.1 The Poisson-Boltzmann equation 46

4.2.2 Planar surfaces 47

4.2.3 The full one-dimensional case 49

4.2.4 The Grahame equation 52

4.2.5 Capacity of the diffuse electric double layer 53

4.3 Beyond Poisson-Boltzmann theory 54

4.3.1 Limitations of the Poisson-Boltzmann theory 54

4.3.2 The Stern layer 55

4.4 The Gibbs free energy of the electric double layer 57

5 Effects at charged interfaces 61

5.1 Electrocapillarity 61

5.1.1 Theory 62

5.1.2 Measurement of electrocapillarity 64

5.2 Examples of charged surfaces 65

5.2.1 Mercury 66

5.2.2 Silver iodide 67

5.2.3 Oxides 69

5.2.4 Mica 70

5.2.5 Semiconductors 71

5.3 Measuring surface charge densities 73

5.3.1 Potentiometric colloid titration 73

5.3.2 Capacitances 74

5.4 Electrokinetic phenomena: The zeta potential 76

5.4.1 The Navier-Stokes equation 77

5.4.2 Electro-osmosis and streaming potential 78

5.4.3 Electrophoresis and sedimentation potential 80

5.5 Types of potentials 82

6 Surface forces 85

6.1 Van der Waals forces between molecules 85

6.2 The van der Waals force between macroscopic solids 89

6.2.1 Microscopic approach 89

6.2.2 Macroscopic calculation - Lifshitz theory 92

6.2.3 Surface energy and Hamaker constant 96

6.3 Concepts for the description of surface forces 98

6.3.1 The Derjaguin approximation 98

6.3.2 The disjoining pressure 101

6.4 Measurement of surface forces 101

6.5 The electrostatic double-layer force 103

6.5.1 General equations 103

6.5.2 Electrostatic interaction between two identical surfaces 106

6.5.3 The DLVO theory 108

6.6 Beyond DLVO theory 110

6.6.1 The solvation force and confined liquids 110

6.6.2 Non DLVO forces in an aqueous medium 110

6.7 Steric and depletion interaction 113

6.7.1 Properties of polymers 113

6.7.2 Force between polymer coated surfaces 114

6.7.3 Depletion forces 116

6.8 Spherical particles in contact 117

7 Contact angle phenomena and wetting 125

7.1 Young's equation 125

7.1.1 The contact angle 125

7.1.2 Derivation 126

7.1.3 The line tension 128

7.1.4 Complete wetting and wetting transitions 128

7.2 Important wetting geometries 130

7.2.1 Capillary rise 130

7.2.2 Particles in the liquid-gas interface 131

7.2.3 Network of fibers 132

7.3 Measurement of the contact angle 133

7.3.1 Experimental methods 133

7.3.2 Hysteresis in contact angle measurements 135

7.3.3 Surface roughness and heterogeneity 137

7.4 Theoretical aspects of contact angle phenomena 139

7.5 Dynamics of wetting and dewetting 141

7.5.1 Wetting 141

7.5.2 Dewetting 145

7.6 Applications 146

7.6.1 Flotation 146

7.6.2 Detergency 147

7.6.3 Microfluidics 148

7.6.4 Adjustable wetting 150

8 Solid surfaces 153

8.2 Description of crystalline surfaces 154

8.2.1 The substrate structure 154

8.2.2 Surface relaxation and reconstruction 155

8.2.3 Description of adsorbate structures 158

8.3 Preparation of clean surfaces 158

8.4 Thermodynamics of solid surfaces 161

8.4.1 Surface stress and surface tension 161

8.4.2 Determination of the surface energy 164

8.4.3 Surface steps and defects 167

8.5 Solid-solid interfaces 169

8.6 Microscopy of solid surfaces 171

8.6.1 Optical microscopy 171

8.6.2 Electron microscopy 172

8.6.3 Scanning probe microscopy 174

8.7 Diffraction methods 177

8.7.1 Diffraction patterns of two-dimensional periodic structures 177

8.7.2 Diffraction with electrons, X-rays, and atoms 179

8.8 Spectroscopic methods 181

8.8.1 Spectroscopy using mainly inner electrons 181

8.8.2 Spectroscopy with outer electrons 182

8.8.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry 183

9 Adsorption 187

9.1.2 The adsorption time 188

9.1.3 Classification of adsorption isotherms 189

9.1.4 Presentation of adsorption isotherms 191

9.2 Thermodynamics of adsorption 192

9.2.1 Heats of adsorption 192

9.2.2 Differential quantities of adsorption and experimental results 193

9.3 Adsorption models 195

9.3.1 The Langmuir adsorption isotherm 195

9.3.2 The Langmuir constant and the Gibbs energy of adsorption 198

9.3.3 Langmuir adsorption with lateral interactions 199

9.3.4 The BET adsorption isotherm 199

9.3.5 Adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces 202

9.3.6 The potential theory of Polanyi 203

9.4 Experimental aspects of adsorption from the gas phase 206

9.4.1 Measurement of adsorption isotherms 206

9.4.2 Procedures to measure the specific surface area 209

9.4.3 Adsorption on porous solids - hysteresis 211

9.4.4 Special aspects of chemisorption 214

9.5 Adsorption from solution 215

10 Surface modification 219

10.2 Chemical vapor deposition 220

10.3 Soft matter deposition 222

10.3.1 Self-assembled monolayers 222

10.3.2 Physisorption of Polymers 226

10.3.3 Polymerization on surfaces 228

10.3.4 Plasma polymerization 230

10.4 Etching techniques 232

10.5 Lithography 235

11 Friction, lubrication, and wear 241

11.1 Friction 241

11.1.2 Amontons' and Coulomb's Law 242

11.1.3 Static, kinetic, and stick-slip friction 244

11.1.4 Rolling friction 245

11.1.5 Friction and adhesion 247

11.1.6 Experimental Aspects 247

11.1.7 Techniques to measure friction 247

11.1.8 Macroscopic friction 249

11.1.9 Microscopic friction 250

11.2 Lubrication 253

11.2.1 Hydrodynamic lubrication 254

11.2.2 Boundary lubrication 256

11.2.3 Thin film lubrication 257

11.2.4 Lubricants 258

11.3 Wear 259

12 Surfactants, micelles, emulsions, and foams 265

12.1 Surfactants 265

12.2 Spherical micelles, cylinders, and bilayers 269

12.2.1 The critical micelle concentration 269

12.2.2 Influence of temperature 271

12.2.3 Thermodynamics of micellization 272

12.2.4 Structure of surfactant aggregates 274

12.2.5 Biological membranes 277

12.3 Macroemulsions 278

12.3.1 General properties 278

12.3.2 Formation 280

12.3.3 Stabilization 282

12.3.4 Evolution and aging 285

12.3.5 Coalescence and demulsification 287

12.4 Microemulsions 287

12.4.1 Size of droplets 288

12.4.2 Elastic properties of surfactant films 289

12.4.3 Factors influencing the structure of microemulsions 290

12.5 Foams 292

12.5.1 Classification, application and formation 292

12.5.2 Structure of foams 293

12.5.3 Soap films 294

12.5.4 Evolution of foams 297

13 Thin films on surfaces of liquids 301

13.2 Phases of monomolecular films 304

13.3 Experimental techniques to study monolayers 307

13.3.1 Optical methods 307

13.3.2 X-ray reflection and diffraction 308

13.3.3 The surface potential 311

13.3.4 Surface elasticity and viscosity 313

13.4 Langmuir-Blodgett transfer 314

13.5 Thick films - spreading of one liquid on another 316

A Analysis of diffraction patterns 343

A.1 Diffraction at three dimensional crystals 343

A.1.1 Bragg condition 343

A.1.2 Laue condition 344

A.1.3 The reciprocal lattice 345

A.1.4 Ewald construction 347

A.2 Diffraction at Surfaces 347

A.3 Intensity of diffraction peaks 349.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [357]-378) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Hazel M. Hussong Fund.

ISBN:

9783527406296

3527406298

OCLC:

64307591

Online:

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