Stigmatization, tolerance and repair : an integrative psychological analysis of responses to deviance / Anton J. M. Dijker, Willem Koomen.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Dijker, Antonius Johannes Maria.

Contributor:

Koomen, Wim.

Series:

Studies in emotion and social interaction

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Toleration--Psychological aspects.

Toleration.

Stigma (Social psychology).

Deviant behavior--Psychological aspects.

Deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior--Social aspects.

Social control.

Psychological aspects.

Physical Description:

xvii, 408 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Summary:

Society is faced with a variety of undesirable behaviors and conditions such as crime, mental and physical illnesses and disabilities, that usually provoke different responses in people such as emotions of anger, fear or pity. In our evolutionary past, these emotions adaptively motivated the repair of interpersonal relationships, whereas more recently they may also result in other types of social control such as stigmatization or tolerance. Dijker and Koomen show, on the basis of elementary psychological processes, how people's responses are not only dependent on type of deviance but also on personality, situation, historical period and culture. They also examine the implications of these responses for the well-being and coping of people with deviant conditions or stigmas. This book provides conceptual tools for developing interventions to reduce stigmatization and offers a deeper understanding of the psychological basis of social control as well as opportunities to influence its potentially harmful consequences.

Contents:

1.2 Three types of social control: repair, stigmatization, and tolerance 3

Repair 4

Stigmatization 6

Tolerance 10

Empirical distinctions among the three types of social control 14

1.3 The present theoretical approach to social control 16

1.4 Practical implications 19

2 Evolutionary origins of social responses to deviance 24

2.2 The evolution of social control 27

Self-preservation and the evolution of the fight-or-flight system 30

Altruism and the evolution of the care system 34

Additionally evolved psychological mechanisms for social control? 44

Societies and social control 46

2.3 The functioning of adaptive psychological mechanisms for social control 48

2.4 Neurophysiological evidence for the FF-C network 55

2.5 From adaptive psychological mechanisms to mental content and process 58

2.6 Discussion and comparison with other theories 62

3 Mental representations of deviance and their emotional and judgmental implications 67

3.2 The content of mental representations of deviance 69

Methods to reveal the content of people's thoughts 69

Mental representations of deviant conditions 71

The dimensional structure of rejection hierarchies 77

Emotional implications of mental representations of deviance 81

3.3 The effects of additional or salient information on perceptions of deviance 86

3.4 Effects of mental representations and behavioral information on judgments of deviant individuals 92

The effects of behavioral information on judgments of individuals with passive deviance 98

The effects of behavioral information on judgments of individuals with active deviance 104

4 Meeting individuals with deviant conditions: understanding the role of automatic and controlled psychological processes 107

4.2 Extending dual-process models of responding to deviance 110

Dual-process views of stigmatization and prejudice 110

An integrative model of automatic and controlled processes in responding to deviance 114

Variables affecting the nature and strength of the initial motivational state and its associated expectancy 117

Motivation and opportunity to influence the motivational impact of deviance 120

Examining the social psychological literature to find support for the extended dual-process model 122

4.3 Doing what you want to do: when aggression, helping, or avoidance are possible 124

Aggression 126

Situational influences on aggression: room for displacement or scapegoating 130

Helping 133

Situational influences on triggering care and helping 137

Escape and avoidance 140

Situational influences on triggering and "displacing" fearful responses 143

4.4 Not knowing what to do during unfocused interactions between non-deviant and deviant individuals 144

4.5 The relation between automatic and controlled responses in the absence of interpersonal contact 152

How are automatic reactions to deviance measured in the psychological laboratory? 152

Why and when are automatic and controlled responses in the psychological laboratory more or less dissociated? 156

5 Individual differences in responding to deviance 163

5.2 Individual differences in the FF and C system and ideological orientations in responding to deviance 164

5.3 Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as reflections of the FF and C system 171

5.4 Gender, education, and negative responses to deviance 178

6 Variations in social control across societies, cultures, and historical periods 184

6.2 Understanding how cultural and historical differences in social control emerge 188

6.3 A qualitative analysis of cultural and historical differences in responding to deviance 196

Category 1 Societies 197

Category 2 Societies 204

Category 3 Societies 208

6.4 A quantitative analysis of differences in responding to deviance across contemporary Western and non-Western societies 212

6.5 Idiosyncratic cultural influences and temporary factors in responding to deviance 227

7 A focus on persons with a deviant condition I: their social world, coping, and behavior 234

7.2 Social world 236

Obesity 236

Homosexuality 240

Mental illness 243

Physical disabilities 244

Old age 246

7.3 Disclosure 250

The reveal-conceal dilemma 250

Disclosing one's deviant condition: to whom, how, and when? 253

7.4 Ways of coping with one's deviant condition and negative reactions 257

Coping responses to specific negative reactions 257

Long-term strategies of coping with one's deviant condition 259

7.5 Perceiver-dependent and other negative reactions of deviant persons in social interactions 267

Self-fulfilling prophecies in social interactions between persons with a deviant condition and others 267

Interactional difficulties of persons with a deviant condition and their determinants 272

8 A focus on persons with a deviant condition II: socio-economic status, self-esteem and well-being 279

8.2 Mechanisms mediating lowered outcomes 280

Affiliation and power loss 280

Discrimination 283

Stigma endorsement 284

Performance deficits 285

8.3 Outcomes of having a deviant condition 290

Socio-economic status 291

Self-esteem 294

Subjective well-being 301

9 Theorizing about interventions to prevent or reduce stigmatization 307

What is the nature of the response that we would like to influence? 308

What should be the ultimate goals of interventions aimed at reducing or preventing stigmatization? 310

What are the proximal psychological mechanisms responsible for stigmatization and stigma reduction? 312

9.2 Tailoring stigma-reduction interventions to type of deviance 313

Type 1 Uncontrollable-active deviance 313

Type 2 Controllable-active deviance 316

Type 3 Uncontrollable-passive deviance 317

Type 4 Controllable-passive deviance 318

9.3 Common intervention strategies and their underlying assumptions 319

Perceiver-directed strategies 319

Target-directed strategies 325

Focusing at interpersonal contact between perceiver and target 327

9.4 Reconciling stigma reduction with basic principles of social control 331

Tailoring stigma reduction strategies to current social control practices 331

Raising awareness of basic principles of social control as a generally acceptable and useful strategy of stigma prevention and reduction 338

Exploring the usefulness of negotiation as a general strategy to prevent or reduce stigmatization 340.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780521793681

0521793688

0511354827

9780511354823

OCLC:

181069735