Environmental geology : handbook of field methods and case studies / [edited by] Klaus Knödel, Gerhard Lange, Hans-Jürgen Voigt ; with contributions by Thekla Abel ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Knödel, Klaus.

Lange, Gerhard, Dipl. Geophys.

Voigt, Hans-Jürgen

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental geology--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Environmental geology.

Environmental geology--Case studies.

Genre:

Case studies.

Handbooks and manuals.

Physical Description:

xxvi, 1357 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Springer, [2007]

Summary:

This handbook describes a broad spectrum of methods in the fields of remote sensing, geophysics, geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and microbiology designed to investigate landfill, mining and industrial sites. The descriptions provide information about the principle of the methods, applications, fundamentals, instruments, survey practice, processing and interpretation of the data, quality assurance, personnel, equipment, time needed, examples, as well as references and sources for further reading. Furthermore, this handbook deals with the stepwise procedure for investigating sites and common problems faced in efficient implementation of field operations. It can be used as a practical guide for training students, as well as to illustrate the advantages of interdisciplinary site investigations to decision-makers faced with their own environmental investigations.

Contents:

2 Preparatory Steps and Common Problems / Klaus Knodel, Gerhard Lange, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 11

2.1 Placing of Orders and Order Handling 11

2.2 Collection and Use of Existing Data 12

2.3 Information Campaign and Permit Application 14

2.4 Mobilization and Demobilization 16

2.5 Land Surveying 17

2.6 Quality Assurance and Reporting 21

3 Remote Sensing / Peter Herms, Bernhard Horig, Friedrich Kuhn, Dietmar Schmidt, Anke Steinbach, contribution by Tilmann Bucher 23

3.1 Aerial Photography / Dietmar Schmidt, Friedrich Kuhn 23

3.1.1 Principle of the Methods 23

3.1.2 Applications 24

3.1.4 Instruments and Film 27

3.1.5 Survey Practice 34

3.1.6 Interpretation of Aerial Photographs 36

3.1.7 Quality Assurance 43

3.1.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 46

3.2 Photogrammetry / Dietmar Schmidt, Peter Herms, Anke Steinbach, Friedrich Kuhn 73

3.2.1 Principle of the Methods 73

3.2.2 Applications 74

3.2.4 Instruments 81

3.2.5 Survey Practice 82

3.2.6 Processing and Interpretation of Data 82

3.2.7 Quality Assurance 85

3.2.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 86

3.3 Nonphotographic Imaging from Aircraft and Space-borne Platforms / Friedrich Kuhn, Bernhard Horig, Dietmar Schmidt, contribution by Tilmann Bucher 97

3.3.1 Principle of the Methods 97

3.3.2 Applications 99

3.3.4 Instruments 115

3.3.5 Survey Practice 124

3.3.6 Processing and Interpretation of Data 125

3.3.7 Quality Assurance 134

3.3.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 136

4 Geophysics / Norbert Blindow, Klaus Knodel, Franz Konig, Gerhard Lange, Harald Lindner, Reinie Meyer, Klaus-Henrik Mittenzwey, Andreas Schuck, Knut Seidel, Peter Weidelt, Thomas Wonik, Ugur Yaramanci, contribution by Dieter Eisenburger, contribution by Bernhard Illich, contribution by Ricardo A. Olea, contribution by Hellfried Petzold, contribution by Thomas Richter 161

4.1 Magnetic Methods / Klaus Knodel 161

4.1.1 Principle of the Methods 161

4.1.2 Applications 162

4.1.4 Instruments 168

4.1.5 Survey Practice 170

4.1.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 171

4.1.7 Quality Assurance 174

4.1.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 175

4.2 Gravity Methods / Knut Seidel, Harald Lindner 185

4.2.1 Principle of the Methods 185

4.2.2 Applications 186

4.2.4 Instruments 191

4.2.5 Survey Practice 192

4.2.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 195

4.2.7 Quality Assurance 197

4.2.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 198

4.3 Direct Current Resistivity Methods / Knut Seidel, Gerhard Lange 205

4.3.1 Principle of the Methods 205

4.3.2 Applications 207

4.3.4 Instruments 215

4.3.5 Survey Practice 216

4.3.6 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 221

4.3.7 Quality Assurance 225

4.3.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 227

4.4 Electromagnetic Methods / Gerhard Lange, Knut Seidel 239

4.4.1 Principle of the Methods 239

4.4.2 Applications 243

4.4.4 Instruments 255

4.4.5 Survey Practice 260

4.4.6 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 263

4.4.7 Quality Assurance 266

4.4.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 269

4.5 Ground Penetrating Radar / Norbert Blindow, contribution by Dieter Eisenburger, contribution by Bernhard Illich, contribution by Hellfried Petzold, contribution by Thomas Richter 283

4.5.1 Principle of the Methods 283

4.5.2 Applications 285

4.5.4 Instruments 297

4.5.5 Survey Practice 300

4.5.6 Processing, Presentation and Interpretation of the Measured Data 302

4.5.7 Quality Assurance 303

4.5.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 304

4.5.10 Special Applications and New Developments / Dieter Eisenburger 316

4.6 Seismic Methods / Andreas Schuck, Gerhard Lange 337

4.6.1 Principle of the Methods 337

4.6.2 Applications 340

4.6.3.1 Propagation of Elastic Waves 341

4.6.3.2 Elastic Parameters and Seismic Velocities 343

4.6.3.3 Reflection, Transmission and Diffraction 347

4.6.3.4 Surface Waves 350

4.6.3.5 Seismic Resolution 352

4.6.4 Instruments 354

4.6.4.1 Seismic Sources 354

4.6.4.2 Seismic Sensors 359

4.6.4.3 Seismic Recording Instruments 362

4.6.5 Seismic Refraction Surveying 363

4.6.5.1 Principle of the Method 363

4.6.5.2 Survey Practice 364

4.6.5.3 Processing and Interpretation 365

4.6.5.4 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 369

4.6.6 Seismic Reflection Surveying 369

4.6.6.1 Principle of the Method 369

4.6.6.2 Survey Practice 373

4.6.6.3 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 376

4.6.6.4 Quality Assurance 382

4.6.6.5 Personnel, Equipment and Time Needed 383

4.6.7 Borehole Seismic Methods 384

4.6.7.1 Principle of the Methods 384

4.6.7.2 Applications 384

4.6.7.4 Instruments 386

4.6.7.5 Survey Practice 386

4.6.7.6 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 387

4.6.7.7 Quality Assurance 387

4.6.7.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 388

4.7 Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance / Gerhard Lange, Ugur Yaramanci, Reinhard Meyer 403

4.7.1 Principle of the Method 403

4.7.2 Applications 404

4.7.4 Instruments 408

4.7.5 Survey Practice 410

4.7.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 413

4.7.7 Quality Assurance 415

4.7.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 416

4.8 Borehole Logging / Thomas Wonik, contributions by Ricardo A. Olea 431

4.8.1 Principle of the Methods 431

4.8.2 Applications 433

4.8.3 Slimhole Logging Equipment and Logging Methods 434

4.8.3.1 Radioactivity Logging Methods 436

4.8.3.2 Electrical Methods 438

4.8.3.3 Electromagnetic Methods 440

4.8.3.4 Acoustic Methods 440

4.8.3.5 Optical Methods 441

4.8.3.6 Methods for Determining the Properties of Drilling Fluids (Fluid Logs) 441

4.8.3.7 Methods for Determining Borehole Properties 443

4.8.4 Survey Practice, Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 443

4.8.5 Quality Assurance 447

4.8.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Logging Data and Examples 449

4.8.7 Expected Future Developments 470

4.9 Geophysical In-situ Groundwater and Soil Monitoring / Franz Konig, Klaus Knodel, Klaus-Henrik Mittenzwey, Peter Weidelt 475

4.9.1 Principle of the Methods 475

4.9.2 Applications 477

4.9.3.1 Environmental Parameters 478

4.9.3.2 Optical Spectroscopy 481

4.9.3.3 EM Monitoring 484

4.9.4 Instruments 488

4.9.5 Field work 492

4.9.6 Processing 493

4.9.7 Quality Assurance 494

4.9.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 494

5 Geological, Hydrogeological, Geochemical and Microbiological Investigations / Sven Altfelder, Ulrich Beims, Manfred Birke, Reiner Dohrmann, Hagen Hilse, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kaufhold, Klaus Knodel, Claus Kofahl, Manja Liese, Kai Muller, Mike Muller, Ranjeet Nagare, Michael Neuhaus, Claus Nitsche, Michael Porzig, Jens Radschinski, Katrin R.

Schmidt, Andreas Thiem, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 507

5.1 Methods for Characterizing the Geological Setting / Klaus Knodel, Kai Muller, Michael Neuhaus, Florian Jenn, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 507

5.1.1 Geologic Field Observations / Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 511

5.1.2 Trenching / Klaus Knodel, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 519

5.1.3 Drilling / Florian Jenn, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 524

5.1.4 Direct Push Technology / Kai Muller, Michael Neuhaus, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 540

5.2 Methods for Characterizing the Hydrologic and Hydraulic Conditions / Ulrich Beims, Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Manja Liese, Ranjeet Nagare, Claus Nitsche, Michael Porzig, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 567

5.2.1 Precipitation / Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Manja Liese, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 569

5.2.2 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration / Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Manja Liese, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 581

5.2.3 Runoff / Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Manja Liese, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 590

5.2.4 Infiltration / Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Manja Liese, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 603

5.2.5 Groundwater Recharge / Florian Jenn, Klaus Knodel, Manja Liese, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 612

5.2.6 Groundwater Monitoring / Florian Jenn, Claus Nitsche, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 619

5.2.7 Determination of Hydraulic Parameters / Ulrich Beims, Ranjeet Nagare, Claus Nitsche, Michael Porzig, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 643

5.2.7.1 Infiltrometer and Permeameter Tests / Florian Jenn, Ranjeet Nagare, Michael Porzig, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 649

5.2.7.2 Pumping Tests / Ulrich Beims 681

5.2.7.3 Laboratory Methods / Florian Jenn, Claus Nitsche, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 711

5.3 Methods for Characterizing the Geochemical and Microbiological Conditions / Sven Altfelder, Manfred Birke, Reiner Dohrmann, Hagen Hilse, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kaufhold, Klaus Knodel, Claus Nitsche, Kathrin R. Schmidt, Andreas Thiem, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 749

5.3.1 Sampling and Analysis of Groundwater and Surface Water / Claus Nitsche, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 758

5.3.1.1 Planning and Preparation of Work 759

5.3.1.2 Groundwater Sampling 768

5.3.1.3 Groundwater Analysis / Klaus Knodel 778

5.3.2 Sampling and Analysis of Soil, Rock, Stream and Lacustrine Sediments / Manfred Birke, Claus Nitsche, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 785

5.3.2.1 Planning and Preparation of Work 786

5.3.2.2 Sampling of Soil, Rock, Stream and Lacustrine Sediments 790

5.3.2.3 Analysis of Soil, Rock, Stream and Lacustrine Sediments 797

5.3.3 Sampling and Analysis of Soil Gas and Landfill Gas / Hagen Hilse, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 807

5.3.3.1 Planning and Preparation of Work 810

5.3.3.2 Sampling and Analysis of Soil Gas and Landfill Gas 811

5.3.4 Methods for Chemical Analysis used in Geochemical Investigations / Florian Jenn 816

5.3.5 Laboratory Methods for the Determination of Migration Parameters / Sven Altfelder, Claus Nitsche 823

5.3.5.1 Basic Theory of Sorption 824

5.3.5.2 Basic Theory of Transport 830

5.3.5.3 Sampling and Preparation of Soil or Sediment for the Determination of Migration Parameter Values 831

5.3.5.4 Batch Tests 832

5.3.5.5 Column Experiments 838

5.3.5.6 Clays and Clay Minerals / Reiner Dohrmann 849

5.3.5.7 Cation Exchange Capacity / Reiner Dohrmann 853

5.3.5.8 Carbonates / Stephan Kaufhold 862

5.3.5.9 Iron and Manganese Oxides / Stephan Kaufhold 867

5.3.5.10 Organic Carbon / Klaus Knodel 871

5.3.6 Methods to Evaluate Biodegradation at Contaminated Sites / Andreas Thiem, Kathrin R. Schmidt 876

5.3.6.1 Microbial Processes in the Subsurface 877

5.3.6.2 Assessment Methods 883

5.4 Interpretation of Geological, Hydrogeological, and Geochemical Results / Florian Jenn, Claus Kofahl, Mike Muller, Jens Radschinski, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 941

5.4.1 Statistical Methods / Florian Jenn, Hans-Jurgen Voigt 941

5.4.1.1 Univariate Statistics 942

5.4.1.2 Multivariate Statistics 952

5.4.1.3 Time Series Analysis 958

5.4.1.4 Geostatistics and Interpolation of Spatial Data 959

5.4.1.5 Specific Tests of Hydrogeochemical Data 960

5.4.2 Conceptual Model / Hans-Jurgen Voigt, Jens Radschinski 962

5.4.3 Groundwater Flow Modeling / Claus Kofahl 1001

5.4.3.1 Fundamentals of Groundwater Flow Modeling 1002

5.4.3.2 Programs 1009

5.4.3.3 Guide for Construction and Use of a Groundwater Model 1014

5.4.4 Contaminant Transport Modeling / Mike Muller 1020

5.4.4.1 Fundamentals of Transport Modeling 1021

5.4.4.2 Model Application 1041

6 Integration of Investigation Results / Thekla Abel, Manfred Birke, Antje Bohn, Klaus Knodel, Gerhard Lange, Alejandra Tejedo, Markus Toloczyki, Ugur Yaramanci 1053

6.1 Data Fusion / Klaus Knodel, Marcus Toloczyki, Antje Bohn, Thekla Abel, Gerhard Lange, Alejandro Tejedo 1054

6.1.1 Reprocessing and New Data Presentation / Klaus Knodel, Gerhard Lange 1055

6.1.2 Geographic Information Systems / Marcus Toloczyki, Thekla Abel, Alejandra Tejedo 1061

6.1.2.2 Hardware, Network, Software, and Manpower 1067

6.1.2.3 Data Acquisition and Analysis 1072

6.1.3 Other Data Fusion Examples / Klaus Knodel, Antje Bohn 1091

6.2 Joint Interpretation / Manfred Birke, Klaus Knodel, Gerhard Lange, Ugur Yaramanci 1099

6.2.1 Qualitative and Semiquantitative Approach / Klaus Knodel, Gerhard Lange 1099

6.2.2 Quantitative Approach / Manfred Birke, Klaus Knodel, Gerhard Lange, Ugur Yaramanci 1150

6.2.2.1 Joint Quantitative Interpretation of Several Geophysical Measurements and Core Analysis Results / Ugur Yaramanci, Gerhard Lange 1050

6.2.2.2 Joint Inversion / Klaus Knodel, Ugur Yaramanci, Gerhard Lange 1059

6.2.2.3 Joint Interpretation Using Statistical Methods / Manfred Birke 1063.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

9783540746690

3540746692

OCLC:

191258389