Nanotechnology-enabled sensors / Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh, Benjamin Fry.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kalantar-zadeh, K.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Detectors--Design and construction.

Detectors.

Nanostructured materials.

Physical Description:

xii, 490 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : Springer, 2008.

Summary:

Nanotechnology provides us with tools to create functional materials, devices, and systems by manipulating them at the "nano" scale, and at the same time makes use of novel properties and phenomena not found in the "macro" world. Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors are devices which operate more efficiently, are more sensitive and selective, respond faster, and can be fabricated with lower cost than conventional sensors. They have numerous applications in fields such as sensing biohazards, toxic chemical tracing, gas sensing, automotive industry, home appliances, process control, and diagnostics.

In this book, drawing upon years of practical and academic experience and using numerous examples, authors Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh and Benjamin Fry cover a wide spectrum including: The dynamic and static characteristics of sensors and the physical and chemical effects which are used in the development of nanotechnology-enabled sensors, The most common sensing platforms, The most important methods which are used in the fabrication of nanotechnology-enabled sensors, Key methods which are used in the characterization of nanotechnology-enabled sensors and the functional materials which are incorporated in their structures, Inorganic nanotechnology-enabled sensors, their applications and the physics behind their operation, Organic nanotechnology-enabled sensors, their applications and the chemical and biochemical manipulations which are employed in their fabrication and operation, as well as the biological theory related to these sensors. Nanotechnology Enabled-Sensors is a must have book for researchers as well as graduate students who are either entering these fields for the first time, or those already conducting research in this multidisciplinary area and intending to extend their knowledge in the field of nanotechnology-enabled sensing.

Contents:

1.1 Nanotechnology 1

1.2 Sensors 6

1.3 Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors 8

Chapter 2 Sensor Characteristics and Physical Effects 13

2.2 Sensor Characteristics and Terminology 13

2.2.1 Static Characteristics 14

2.2.2 Dynamic Characteristics 17

2.3 Physical Effects Employed for Signal Transduction 20

2.3.1 Photoelectric Effect 21

2.3.2 Photodielectric Effect 27

2.3.3 Photoluminescence Effect 27

2.3.4 Electroluminescence Effect 31

2.3.5 Chemiluminescence Effect 34

2.3.6 Doppler Effect 34

2.3.7 Barkhausen Effect 36

2.3.8 Hall Effect 36

2.3.9 Nernst/Ettingshausen Effect 38

2.3.10 Thermoelectric (Seebeck/Peltier and Thomson) Effect 38

2.3.11 Thermoresistive Effect 42

2.3.12 Piezoresistive Effect 43

2.3.13 Piezoelectric Effect 46

2.3.14 Pyroelectric effect 47

2.3.15 Magneto-Mechanical Effect (Magnetostriction) 48

2.3.16 Mangnetoresistive Effect 49

2.3.17 Faraday-Henry Law 51

2.3.18 Faraday Rotation Effect 54

2.3.19 Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (MOKE) 55

2.3.20 Kerrand Pockels Effects 56

Chapter 3 Transduction Platforms 63

3.2 Conductometric and Capacitive Transducers 63

3.3 Optical Waveguide based Transducers 66

3.3.1 Propagation in Optical Waveguides 67

3.3.2 Sensitivity of Optical Waveguides 69

3.3.3 Optical Fiber based Transducers 71

3.3.4 Interferometric Optical Transducers 72

3.3.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Transducers 74

3.4 Electrochemical Transducers 79

3.4.1 Chemical Reactions 80

3.4.2 Thermodynamics of Chemical Interactions 80

3.4.3 Nernst Equation 84

3.4.4 Reference Electrodes 97

3.4.5 Ion Selective Electrodes 90

3.4.6 An Example: Electrochemical pH Sensors 93

3.4.7 Voltammetry 94

3.4.8 An Example: Stripping Analysis 105

3.5 Solid State Transducers 106

3.5.1 p-n Diodes or Bipolar Junction based Transducers 106

3.5.2 Schottky Diode based Transducers 108

3.5.3 MOS Capacitor based Transducers 111

3.5.4 Field Effect Transistor based Transducers 113

3.6 Acoustic Wave Transducers 118

3.6.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance 119

3.6.2 Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator (FBAR) 121

3.6.3 Cantilever based Transducers 123

3.6.4 Interdigitally Launched Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices 125

Chapter 4 Nano Fabrication and Patterning Techniques 135

4.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles 136

4.2.1 Synthesis of Semi-conductor Nano-particles 136

4.2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 137

4.2.3 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 138

4.3 Formation of Thin Films 141

4.3.1 Fundamentals of Thin Film Deposition 141

4.3.2 Growth of One-Dimensional Nano-structured Thin Films 143

4.3.3 Segmented One-Dimensional Structured Thin Films 150

4.4 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 151

4.4.1 Evaporation 151

4.4.2 Sputtering 158

4.4.3 Ion Plating 163

4.4.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) 164

4.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 164

4.5.1 Low Pressure CVD (LPCVD) 168

4.5.2 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD) 168

4.5.3 Atomic Layer CVD (ALCVD) 170

4.5.4 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma CVD (AP-PCVD) 172

4.5.5 Other CVD Methods 173

4.6 Liquid Phase Techniques 173

4.6.1 Aqueous Solution Techniques (AST) 173

4.6.2 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method 176

4.6.3 Electro-deposition 179

4.7 Casting 182

4.7.1 Spin Coating 182

4.7.2 Drop Casting, Dip Coating and Spraying 184

4.8 Sol-gel 184

4.9 Nanolithography and Nano-Patterning 186

4.9.1 Photolithography 187

4.9.2 Scanning Probe Nanolithography Techniques 190

4.9.3 Nanoimprinting 191

4.9.4 Patterning with Energetic Particles 193

4.9.5 X-Ray Lithography (XRL) and LIGA 197

4.9.6 Interference Lithography 200

4.9.7 Ion Implantation 202

4.9.8 Etching: Wet and Dry 202

Chapter 5 Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials 211

5.2 Electromagnetic Spectroscopy 211

5.2.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 215

5.2.2 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy 219

5.2.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 223

5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 228

5.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 232

5.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 237

5.6 Light Scattering Techniques 240

5.6.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 241

5.6.2 Raman Spectroscopy 245

5.7 Electron Microscopy 248

5.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 250

5.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 255

5.8 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) 259

5.9 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 263

5.9.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 264

5.9.2 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 267

5.10 Mass Spectrometry 270

5.10.1 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) Mass Spectrometer 272

5.10.2 Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer 273

Chapter 6 Inorganic Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors 283

6.2 Density and Number of States 283

6.2.1 Confinement in Quantum Dimensions 284

6.2.2 Momentum and Energy of Particles 285

6.2.3 Reciprocal Space 286

6.2.4 Definition of Density of States 287

6.2.5 DOS in Three-dimensional Materials 287

6.2.6 DOS in Two-Dimensional Materials 289

6.2.7 DOS in One-Dimensional Materials 291

6.2.8 DOS in Zero-Dimensional Materials 291

6.2.9 Discussions on the DOS 292

6.2.10 Theoretical and Computational Methods 296

6.2.11 One-Dimensional Transducers 297

6.2.12 Example: One-Dimensional Gas Sensors 302

6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured Thin Films 304

6.3.1 Adsorption on Surfaces 305

6.3.2 Conductometric transducers Suitable for Gas Sensing 307

6.3.3 Gas Reaction on the Surface - Concentration of Free Charge Carriers 313

6.3.4 Effect of Gas Sensitive Stuctures and Thin Films 319

6.3.5 Effects of Deposition Parameters and Substrates 322

6.3.6 Metal Oxides Modification by Additives 323

6.3.7 Surface Modification 325

6.3.8 Filtering 328

6.3.9 Post Deposition Treatments 328

6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Structures 329

6.4.1 Phonons in One-Dimensional Structures 330

6.4.2 Electron-Phonon Interactions in Low Dimensional Materials 334

6.4.3 Phonons in Sensing Applications 337

6.4.3 One-Dimensional Piezoelectric Sensors 338

6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanical Sensors 340

6.5.1 Oscillators based on Nanoparticles 341

6.5.2 One-Dimensional Mechanical Sensors 343

6.5.3 Bulk Materials and Thin Films Made of Nano-Grains 345

6.5.4 Piezoresistors 347

6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical Sensors 348

6.6.1 The Optical Properties of Nanostructures 348

6.6.2 The Optical Properties of Nanoparticles 352

6.6.3 Sensors based on Plasmon Resonance in Nanoparticles 353

6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintronic Sensors 356

6.7.1 AMR, Giant and Colossal Magneto-Resistors 357

6.7.2 Spin Valves 360

6.7.3 Magnetic Tunnel Junctions 361

6.7.4 Other Nanotechnology Enabled Magnetic Sensors 362

Chapter 7 Organic Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors 371

7.2 Surface Interactions 372

7.2.1 Covalent Coupling 372

7.2.2 Adsorption 379

7.2.3 Physical Entrapment 380

7.2.4 Chemical Entrapment 381

7.2.5 Self-Assembly 381

7.2.6 Layer-by-Layer Assembly 384

7.3 Surface Materials and Surface Modification 386

7.3.1 Gold Surfaces 386

7.3.2 Silicon, Silicon Dioxide and Metal Oxides Surfaces 387

7.3.3 Carbon Surfaces 389

7.3.4 Conductive and Non-Conductive Polymeric Surfaces 390

7.3.5 Examples of Surface Modifications in Biosensors 401

7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors 404

7.4.1 The Structure of Proteins 404

7.4.2 The Analysis of Proteins 409

7.4.3 The Role of Proteins in Nanotechnology 409

7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices 411

7.4.5 Antibodies in Sensing Applications 412

7.4.6 Antibody Nanoparticle Conjugates 418

7.4.7 Enzymes in Sensing Applications 420

7.4.8 Enzyme Nanopraticle Hybrid based Sensors 425

7.4.9 Motor Proteins in Sensing Applications 427

7.4.10 Transmembrane Sensors 428

7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotides and DNA 436

7.5.1 The Structure of DNA 438

7.5.2 The Structure of RNA 441

7.5.3 DNA Decoders and Microarrays 442

7.5.4 DNA-based Sensors 449

7.5.5 DNA-Protein Conjugate-based Sensors 452

7.5.6 DNA Conjugates with Inorganic Materials 455

7.5.7 Bioelectronic Sensors based on DNA 459

7.5.8 DNA Sequencing with Nanopores 463

7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with Dendritic Arcitectures 465

7.7 Force Spectroscopy and Microscopy of Organic Materials 467

7.8 Biomagnetic Sensors 469.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780387324739

0387324739

OCLC:

187288216