Radiation oncology advances / edited by Søren M. Bentzen ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bentzen, Søren M.

Series:

Cancer treatment and research ; v. 139.

Cancer treatment and research ; v. 139

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cancer--Radiotherapy.

Cancer.

Neoplasms--radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy--trends.

Medical Subjects:

Neoplasms--radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy--trends.

Physical Description:

xvi, 341 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York ; London : Springer, [2008]

Summary:

Radiation Oncology Advances provides a comprehensive overview of the exciting developments shaping the current and future practice of radiation oncology. Advances in treatment planning and delivery, in biological targeted therapies combined with radiation, and in functional and molecular imaging are all covered.

Contents:

1 Radiation Oncology Advances: An Introduction / Soren M. Bentzen, Paul M. Harari, Wolfgang A. Tome, Minesh P. Mehta 1

Advances in Imaging and Theragnostic Radiation Oncology 1

Advances in Molecular Biology and Targeted Therapies 2

Advances in Treatment Delivery and Planning 3

Clinical Advances 4

References 4

Section I Advances in Imaging and Biologically-Based Treatment Planning

2 Advanced Image-Guided External Beam Radiotherapy / Thomas Rockwell Mackie, Wolfgang Tome 7

Introduction 7

Image Guidance for Defining Target Volumes 9

Image Guidance at the Time of Delivery 13

Optical Guidance 14

Optical Tracking Systems 15

Optical Tracking in Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy, Intracranial, and Head and Neck IMRT 16

Optically Guided Ultrasound 18

In-Room CT Guidance 20

Image Guidance and Organ Motion 27

Image Guidance for Follow-Up Imaging and Retreatments 29

Summary 31

References 32

3 Does Painting and Theragnostic Imaging: Towards the Prescription, Planning and Delivery of Biologically Targeted Dose Distributions in External Beam Radiation Oncology / Soren M. Bentzen 41

Radiation Theragnostics 41

From Anatomical to Biological Targeting in Radiation Therapy 42

From Target Selection and Delineation to 4D Dose Prescription 43

The Case for Nonuniform Theragnostic Dose Distributions 44

Precision Requirements 47

Targeting Hypoxia Using EBRT: Are We Ready for Dose Painting by Numbers? 48

Painting by Numbers? 48

Hypoxia as a Cause of Clinical Failure of Radiation Therapy 48

Hypoxia Imaging 50

Spatiotemporal Stability of the PET Hypoxia Map 53

Dose Painting by Numbers 56

Dose Delivery and Expected Change in Outcome 57

Conclusion 57

References 58

4 Molecular and Functional Imaging in Radiation Oncology / Robert Jeraj, M. Elizabeth Meyerand 63

Introduction 63

Molecular and Functional Imaging Modalities 64

Positron Emission Tomography 64

Single Photon Emission Tomography 65

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Computer Tomography (DCE-CT) 65

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) 65

Imaging (DCE-MRI) 65

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 66

Optical Imaging 66

Comparison Between Different Imaging Modalities 66

Molecular and Functional Imaging Targets 67

Cellular Metabolism 68

Cellular Proliferation 72

Cellular Death 73

Cellular Regulation 74

Tumor Microenvironment 77

Future 80

References 82

5 Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Radiation Therapy: Focus on Prostate Cancer / Mark A. Ritter 97

Introduction 97

The Need for Biomarkers of Radiation Response in Prostate Cancer 97

Optimal Biomarkers and Patient Cohort Characteristics 98

Evaluation of Candidate Markers 99

Biological Rationale 99

Biomarker Frequency 102

Biomarker Assessment Methods 102

Immunohistochemistry 103

Clinical Correlative Data in Prostate Cancer 104

Markers of Cell Cycle Control, DNA Repair and Apoptosis 105

Proliferation 105

Hypoxia 106

Limitations of Existing Studies 106

Future Studies and Directions 107

Large Prospective Clinical Trials 107

Biomarker-Based Adaptive Therapy 108

Conclusion 109

References 109

Section II Advances in Molecular Biology and Targeted Therapies

6 Overview of Cancer Molecular Radiobiology / Jann N. Sarkaria, Robert G. Bristow 117

Introduction 117

Interaction of Radiation with Living Cells 117

Cellular Response to Ionizing Radiation 118

Cell Cycle Arrest 118

DNA Repair 120

Apoptosis 121

Cell Survival Signaling 122

Ras Signaling 122

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 123

mTOR Signaling 123

Targeting Housekeeping Proteins 124

HSP90 Inhibitors 125

HDAC Inhibitors 126

Proteosome Inhibitors 128

Conclusion 129

References 130

7 Clinical Application of EGFR Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cencer / Igor Astsaturov, Roger B. Cohen, Paul M. Harari 135

Introduction 135

EGFR Biology 136

Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibodies 138

Radiation Plus Cetuximab For Locoregionally Advanced HNSCC 138

Cetuximab, Cisplatin, and Radiation in Locoregionally Advanced HNSCC 140

Cetuximab ± Chemotherapy in Recurrent and/or Metastatic HNSCC 141

Cetuximab with Chemotherapy in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Recurrent and/or Metastatic HNSCC 142

EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) 143

TKI Monotherapy in HNSCC 144

TKIs in Combination with Radiation Therapy 144

TKIs with Dual Specificity 145

Patient Selection 145

Conclusions 146

References 147

8 Advancement of Antiangiogenic and Vascular Disrupting Agents Combined with Radiation / Deborah Citrin, Kevin Camphausen 153

Introduction 153

Tumor Vasculature 153

Targeting the Tumor Vasculature 155

Antiangiogenic Agents 155

Vascular Disrupting Agents 158

Combining Antiangiogenic and Vascular Disrupting Agents with Radiation 160

Antiangiogenic Agents and Radiation in the Laboratory 160

Angiogenesis Inhibitors and Radiation in the Clinic 162

Vascular Disrupting Agents and Radiation in the Laboratory 163

Vascular Disrupting Agents with Radiation in the Clinic 164

Future Directions 165

Conclusion 166

References 167

9 Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance in Malignant Gliomas: Current Practices and Future Directions / Arnab Chakravarti, Kamalakannan Palanichamy 173

Introduction 173

Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Treatment Resistance 173

Angiogenesis Pathways 175

Conventional Chemotherapeutic Agents in Malignant Gliomas 177

Biotherapeutic Strategies 182

Antiepidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Strategies 182

mTor Pathway Inhibition: CCI-779 184

Antiangiogenic Strategies 185

Summary 186

References 186

Section III Advances in Treatment Delivery and Planning

10 Advances in Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Delivery / John D. Fenwick, Stephen W. Riley, Alison J. D. Scott 193

Introduction 193

Background 193

Fixed-Field IMRT 194

Direct Aperture Optimisation and Jaws-Only Linear Accelerator IMRT 199

Tomotherapy 199

Axial Tomotherapy 200

Helical Tomotherapy 201

Future Developments 206

CyberKnife 208

Summary 209

References 210

11 Image-Based Modeling of Normal Tissue Complication Probability for Radiation Therapy / Joseph O. Deasy, Issam El Naqa 215

Introduction 215

NTCP Models: Tools or Toys? 216

Why Image-Based NTCP Analysis? 218

Tissue Dose-Response Classification 219

The Concepts of "Serial" and "Parallel" Tissue Dose-Response 219

Local vs.

Global Organ Injuries 221

NTCP Models 222

The Generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose Equation 223

Basic Mathematical Features of Common NTCP Functions 225

Cluster Models 227

A Data-Mining/Data-Driven Approach to NTCP Modeling 227

Selection of Relevant Input Variables 231

Selection of Model Functional Form 232

Selection of Model Order 233

Model Order Based on Information Theory 233

Model Order Based on Cross-validation Methods 235

Model Variable Stability 235

Model Parameter Fitting 235

Image-Based Factors and Radiosensitivity Predictors 236

Some Critical NTCP Endpoints 237

Late Rectal Toxicity Due to External Beam Prostate Cancer Treatment 237

Radiation Pneumonitis Due to Thoracic Irradiation for Lung Cancer 238

Xerostomia Due to Head and Neck Cancer Treatment 240

Drawbacks to Treatment Planning Based on Dose-Volume Limits 243

Uncertainties in NTCP Models 244

Incorporating Fractionation Sensitivity 245

Summary 248

References 248

12 Optimization of Radiotherapy Using Biological Parameters / Yusung Kim, Wolfgang Tome 257

Introduction 257

The Need for Optimization Based on Biological Parameters 259

Radiobiological Models 260

Biological Optimization 264

Subvolume-Based Radiobiological Models 264

Impact of Diagnostic Accuracy on Biological Optimization 270

Functional Imaging in Oncology 270

Theragnostic Imaging in Risk-Adaptive Radiotherapy 270

The Impact of Imaging Sensitivity on Risk-Adaptive Radiotherapy 271

Clinical Parameters Necessary for Biological Optimization 272

Summary 274

References 275

Section IV Clinical Advances

13 Combined Chemoradiotherapy Advances / Gordon Wong, Minesh P. Mehta 281

Introduction 281

Head and Neck Cancers 282

Nonsmall Cell Lung Carcinoma 288

Cervical Carcinoma 292

Esophageal Carcinoma 294

Rectal Adenocarcinoma 296

Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 298

Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer 299

Conclusion 300

References 300

14 Cytoprotection for Radiation-Associated Normal Tissue Injury / Jingfang Mao, Oluwatoyosi A. Fatunase, Lawrence B. Marks 307

Biologic Rationale of Cytoprotectors 307

Assessment of Amifostine in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer 309

Assessment of Amifostine in Patients with Thoracic Tumors 309

Lung Injury 309

Esophageal Injury 312

Assessment of Amifostine in Patients with Pelvic Tumors 312

Assessment of Amifostine in Patients with Tumors at Other Sites 312

Impact of Amifostine on Tumor Control and Survival 314

Amifostine-Related Toxicity 314

Administration of Amifostine 314

Other Cytoprotectors 321

Conclusion 323

References 323.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780387367439

0387367438

OCLC:

144524609