Nanotechnology for the regeneration of hard and soft tissues / editor, Thomas J Webster.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Webster, Thomas J., 1971-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanotechnology.

Regeneration (Biology).

Physical Description:

xxi, 237 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Singapore : World Scientific, [2007]

Summary:

Nanotechnology is an emerging and exciting area in the field of implants. Numerous promising developments have been elucidated regarding the use of nanotechnology to regenerate tissues. This important book highlights the potential of nanophase materials to improve hard and soft tissue applications. In all cases, increased tissue regeneration has been observed for bone, cartilage, vascular, bladder, and central/peripheral nervous system tissues. Book jacket.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Bioinspired Nanocomposites for Orthopedic Applications / Huinan Liu, Thomas J. Webster 1

2 Basic Science of Bone 3

2.1 Bone Is a Nanostructured Composite 4

2.1.1 Organic Phase: Collagen Nanofibers and Noncollagenous Proteins 4

2.1.2 Inorganic Phase: Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals 6

2.2 Microstructure and Macrostructure of Bone 6

2.3 Mechanical Properties of Bone 7

2.4 Bone Remodeling and Bone Cells 8

2.4.1 Osteoblasts 9

2.4.2 Osteocytes 11

2.4.3 Osteoclasts 11

3 Problems of Current Bone Substitutes 12

3.1 Autografts 12

3.2 Allografts and Xenografts 12

3.3 Metal and Metal Alloys 12

4 Bone Tissue Engineering: Promises and Challenges 13

4.1 Essential Requirements for Bone Scaffolds 15

4.1.1 Biocompatibility 15

4.1.2 Biodegradability 16

4.1.3 Mechanical Properties 16

4.1.4 Surface Properties 16

4.1.5 Osteoinductivity 17

4.1.6 Interconnected Three-Dimensional Structures 17

4.1.7 Feasible Fabrication Techniques and Sterilizability 18

4.2 The Choices of Materials for Bone Scaffolds 18

4.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers 19

4.2.2 Bioactive Ceramics 25

4.2.3 Ceramic/Polymer Biocomposites 26

5 Nanocomposites: Next-Generation Materials in Orthopedics 27

5.1 Rationale and Evidence 27

5.2 Fabrication Techniques of Biocomposite Scaffolds 30

5.2.1 Solvent-Casting/Particulate-Leaching 30

5.2.2 Gas-Foaming/Particulate-Leaching 33

5.2.3 Phase Separation and Emulsion Freeze Drying 36

5.2.4 Fiber Meshes/Fiber Bonding 39

5.2.5 Melt Molding 39

5.2.6 Freeze Drying and Cross-linking 40

5.2.7 Rapid Prototyping Techniques 40

5.3 Future Directions in Orthopedics 43

Chapter 2 Nanomaterials for Better Orthopedics / Ganesan Balasundaram 53

2 Skeletal Complications: Osteoporosis and Bone Fracture 54

3 Need for Better Implantation Materials for Orthopedic Application 55

3.1 Cell Recognition of Implant Surfaces 57

3.2 Chemistry 59

3.3 Topography 60

4 A New Approach: Nanophase Orthopedic Materials 61

4.1 Benefits of Nanophase Bone Implant Materials 66

4.2 Wettability 67

4.3 Surface Roughness 68

5 Influence of Nanomaterials Functionalized with Cell Adhesive Peptides on Osteoblast Functions 70

6 Future Challenges 72

Chapter 3 Anodization: A Promising Nano-modification Technique for Titanium for Orthopedic Applications / Chang Yao, Thomas J. Webster 79

2 Anodization of Titanium 81

2.1 Basics of Anodization Process 81

2.2 Influences of Processing Parameters 82

2.3 Creation of Micron-Rough Surface 83

2.4 Creation of Nano-roughness 85

2.5 Control of Chemical Composition 92

3 Structure and Properties of Anodized Oxide Film 94

3.1 Structure 94

3.2 Corrosion Resistance and Adhesive Strength 96

3.3 Biological Properties of Anodized Titanium 97

3.3.1 In vitro Studies 97

3.3.2 Mechanisms of Increased Osteoblast Function 100

3.3.3 In vivo Studies 101

4 Future Directions 105

Chapter 4 Bio-inspired Carbon Nano-structures: Orthopedic Applications / Dongwoo Khang 111

1 Fundamentals of Protein Adsorption and Surface Properties 111

1.1 Adhesion Protein 113

1.2 Polar and Apolar Properties of Proteins 113

1.3 Osteoblasts 115

1.4 Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanotube Composites 116

1.5 Cytocompatibility of Carbon Nanotube Composites 118

1.6 Analysis of Nano-surface Roughness 118

1.7 Role of Nano-surface Energy 119

1.8 Detecting Protein Adsorption 120

2 Protein Assisted Osteoblast Adhesion on Nanophase Materials 121

2.1 Osteoblast Functions on Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials 122

2.2 Fibronectin Attached AFM Tip Interactions on Carbon Nanotube Composite Surfaces 124

2.3 Osteoblast Functions on Micro-patterning of Carbon Nanotubes on Bio-polymers 126

Chapter 5 Applications of Nanotechnology/Nanomaterials in the Nervous System / Peishan Liu-Snyder 135

1 Anatomy, Physiology and Molecular Biology of the Nervous System 135

2 Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathophysiologies of Neurological Disorders 141

2.1 Spinal Cord Injury 141

2.2 Alzheimer's Disease 143

2.3 Multiple Sclerosis 146

3 Current Clinical Therapies and Limitations 147

3.1 Approved Treatments of SCI and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials 148

3.2 Pharmacological Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials 149

3.3 Pharmacological Treatments of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials 151

4 Application of Nanotechnology on the Development of Novel Drug and Cell Delivery Systems for the Nervous System 153

4.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems and Their Limitations 153

4.2 Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems 154

4.3 Nano-based Matrix for Stem Cell Delivery 156

4.4 Medical Imaging with Nanotechnology for Early Detection and Evaluation of Treatment 158

5 Applications of Nanotechnologies in Electronic Tissue Interface Devices 161

5.1 Cochlear Implant (Bionic Ear) 162

5.2 Visual Prosthesis (Bionic Eye) 163

5.3 Computer Brain Interface (BrainGate Technology) 164

5.4 Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) 165

5.5 Memory and Cognitive Functions 166

5.6 Oscillating Field Stimulator (OFS) 166

6 How Can Nanotechnology Improve Performance of Electronic Tissue Interface Devices? 167

7 Future Directions and Considerations 170

Chapter 6 Vascular Nano Stents / Karen M. Haberstroh 181

1 Physiology of the Vascular System 181

1.1 Structure and Function of the Arterial System 181

1.2 Components of the Artery Wall 182

1.3 Cells of the Vascular System 183

1.3.1 Vascular Endothelial Cells 183

1.3.2 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 184

1.3.3 Vascular Fibroblasts 184

1.3.4 Blood Cells 185

2 Atherosclerosis: A Cardiovascular Disease 185

2.1 The Cellular Progression of Atherosclerosis 186

3 Treatments for Vascular Disease 187

3.1 Balloon Angioplasty 188

3.2 Vascular Stents 189

3.2.1 The Use of Nano-structured Biomaterials in Vascular Stent Applications 190

3.2.2 Problems with Current Stent Designs 192

3.2.3 Stent Wear Debris 193

Chapter 7 Nanoparticles: Determining Toxicity / Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury, Toshihiro Akaike 201

2 Strategies for Biocompatibility Testing 202

2.1 Cytotoxicity 202

2.2 Sensitization, Irritation and Intracutaneous Reactivity 203

2.3 Acute Systemic Toxicity 203

2.4 Genotoxicity 204

2.5 Implantation 204

2.6 Hemacompatibility 205

2.7 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity 205

2.8 Carcinogenicity 205

2.9 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 206

2.10 Biodegradation 206

2.11 Immune Responses 206

3 Route of Entry and Biokinetics of Nanoparticles 207

3.1 Respiratory Tract 207

3.1.1 Alveolar Macrophage-Mediated Clearance 208

3.1.2 Translocation across Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Layers 208

3.1.3 Neural Uptake and Translocation 209

3.2 Exposure via GI Tract and Skin 210

3.3 Injection Route 210

4 Biological Adverse Effects of Nanoparticles 211

4.1 Pulmonary Effects of Nanoparticles 211

4.1.1 Pulmonary Inflammation 212

4.1.2 Pulmonary Carcinogenicity 213

4.2 Systemic Effects of Nanoparticles 214

4.3 Differences in Toxicity between Nanoparticles of Different Materials 215

4.3.1 Particle Surface Activity 216

4.3.2 Particle Agglomeration/Disagglomeration 216

Chapter 8 Nanoparticles: Effects on Human Health and the Environment / Myung-Haing Cho, Jin-Kyu Lee 221

1 Hopes and Concerns about Nanotechnology 221

2 Possible Adverse Health, Environment, and Safety Impacts 224

3 How to Evaluate the Toxicity of Nanoparticles? 226.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9789812706157

9812706151

OCLC:

172962876