Applied microphotonics / Wes R. Jamroz, Roman Kruzelecky, Emile I. Haddad.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Jamroz, Wes R.

Contributor:

Kruzelecky, Roman V. (Roman Volodymyr), 1956-

Haddad, Emile I.

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Series:

Optical science and engineering (CRC Press) ; 110.

Optical science and engineering ; 110

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Photonics--Materials.

Photonics.

Physical Description:

403 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Taylor & Francis, [2006]

Summary:

As the limits of electrical performance come within sight, photons are poised to take over for the electron. But the search continues for the materials, topologies, and fabrication technologies capable of producing photonic devices at a reasonable speed and cost. Taking a fundamental look at the development of photonic technology from the macro- to the microscale, Applied Microphotonics introduces the major principles and technologies underlying the field.

Following an overview of historical and commercial driving forces, the authors briefly review the underlying physics, emphasizing the practical and design implications for photonic systems. This general discussion lays the foundation for the remainder of the book, where the authors first introduce the photonic node and then discuss each subsystem in detail, including transmitters, couplers and switches, multiplexers and demultiplexers, receivers, amplifiers, and compensators. The following chapters explore new technologies such as photonic band gap structures, materials and fabrication processes, integration methodologies, and advanced devices such as photonic computers. The book concludes with a brief introduction to quantum photonics and a forward look at potential directions of photonics.

Applied Microphotonics encapsulates the recent push toward all-optical networks and devices with an applications-oriented perspective. It is ideal for newcomers to the field as well as anyone curious to know how photonic technology can benefit their own field.

Contents:

1.1 Microphotonics: A New Branch of Technology 1

1.2 Historical Perspective 4

1.2.1 Photonic Computing 7

1.2.2 Photonic-Band-Gap Structures 7

1.2.3 Quantum Photonics 8

Chapter 2 Technological Growth and the Market Push 11

2.1 Law of Growth 11

2.2 Moore's Law of Photonics 14

2.3 Moore's Law of Data Processing 16

2.4 General Trend of Technological Growth 19

2.5 Technological Challenges 20

2.5.1 Silicon Microphotonics 21

2.5.2 Microphotonic Integrated Circuits 22

2.6 New Growth Cycle 23

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Interaction of Light with Matter 27

3.1 Wave Equation 27

3.2 Band Gap in Solids 28

3.3 Index of Refraction 31

3.4 Polarization 32

3.5 Reflection and Transmission 35

3.6 Total Internal Reflection 37

3.7 Optical Waveguides 38

3.8 Dispersion in Dielectrics 40

3.9 Dispersion in Semiconductors 42

3.10 Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media 43

3.11 Electroabsorption 48

3.12 Bragg Reflection 50

3.13 Photonic-Band-Gap Structures 52

3.14 Photonic Crystal Fibers 57

3.15 Stimulated Emission in Semiconductors 59

3.16 The Sagnac Effect 61

3.17 Evanescent Waves 63

3.18 Smart Thin-Film Coatings 65

3.19 Quantum Photonic Effects 69

3.19.1 Qubits 70

3.19.2 Bell States 72

3.19.3 EPR Correlation 73

3.19.4 Quantum Gates 75

3.19.5 Quantum Circuits 81

3.19.6 Bell Measurements 82

3.20 Fabry-Perot Cavities 85

Chapter 4 Photonic Node 89

4.1 Microprocessor 89

4.2 Communication Node 90

4.3 Microphotonic Node 92

Chapter 5 Transmitters 99

5.1 Transmission Systems 99

5.2 Optical Sources 100

5.2.1 LEDs 100

5.2.2 Laser Diodes 103

5.2.3 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers 107

5.2.4 External-Cavity Lasers 108

5.2.5 Tunable Laser Modules 110

5.2.6 Optical Pulse Generators 110

5.2.7 Fiber Lasers 111

5.2.8 All-Silicon Lasers 112

5.3 Modulators 113

5.3.1 External Modulators 114

5.3.2 Waveguide-Based Modulators 115

5.3.3 Si-Based Waveguide Modulators 118

5.3.3.1 Modulator Based on MOS Configuration 118

5.3.3.2 Modulator Based on Ring Resonators 121

5.3.3.3 Spatial Light Modulators 122

Chapter 6 Couplers and Switches 125

6.1 Couplers and Splitters 125

6.1.1 Splitters 125

6.1.2 Couplers 126

6.1.3 Circulators 131

6.2 Optical Isolators 131

6.3 Gratings 133

6.4 Waveguide Collimators 135

6.5 Total Internal Reflection T Junction 135

6.6 Optical Switches 136

6.6.1 Optomechanical Switches 138

6.6.2 Electro-Optical Switches 138

6.6.3 Liquid Crystals 139

6.6.4 Bubbles 140

6.6.5 Holographic Switches 141

6.6.6 Acousto-Optical Switches 141

6.6.7 Total Internal Reflection Switches 142

6.6.8 Thermo-Optical Switches 143

6.7 MOEMS-Based Switches 144

6.8 Waveguide Switches 147

6.9 SOA Switches 148

6.10 Waveguide Grating Routers 149

6.11 Evanescent Switches 149

6.12 Optical Cross Connects 151

6.13 Hybrid PBG/MOEMS Switches 153

Chapter 7 Multiplexers 159

7.1 TDM 159

7.2 WDM 160

7.2.1 Coarse Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 161

7.2.2 Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 162

7.3 Filters 166

7.3.1 Dichroic Filters 166

7.3.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings 166

7.4 Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers 167

Chapter 8 Receivers 171

8.1 Detectors 171

8.2 PIN Photodiodes 173

8.3 Avalanche Photodiodes 174

8.4 Light Emitters 175

8.5 Silicon-Based Photodetectors 175

Chapter 9 Amplifiers and Compensators 179

9.1 Amplifier Subsystems 179

9.2 SOAs 180

9.3 Erbium-Doped Amplifiers 181

9.3.1 EDFAs 182

9.3.2 EDWAs 187

9.4 ROAs 188

9.5 Dynamic Gain Equalizers 191

9.6 Dispersion Compensators 191

9.7 Wavelength Converters 194

Chapter 10 New Technologies 197

10.1 MOEMS 197

10.2 PBG Structures 201

10.2.1 Silicon PBGs 203

10.2.2 High-Order PBGs 203

10.3 Ring Resonators 205

10.4 Smart Coatings 206

10.4.1 La[subscript 1-x] M[subscript x]MnO[subscript n] 207

10.4.2 WO[subscript 3] 207

10.4.3 VO[subscript n] 208

10.5 Hybrid Structures 209

Chapter 11 Materials, Fabrication, and Integration 213

11.1 Materials 214

11.1.1 Silicon 214

11.1.2 InGaAsP 216

11.1.3 LiNbO[subscript 3] 217

11.1.4 Sol-Gels 217

11.2 Fabrication 218

11.2.1 Multiple-Cycle Surface Microprocessing 218

11.2.1.1 Film Growth 219

11.2.1.2 Doping 220

11.2.1.3 Lithography 220

11.2.1.4 Etching 220

11.2.1.5 Surface Micromachining 221

11.2.1.6 LIGA 221

11.2.2 Fabrication of Waveguides 222

11.2.3 Fabrication of PBG Structures 224

11.2.4 Fabrication of EDWA 225

11.2.5 Fabrication of MOEMS 226

11.3 Integration Approaches 230

11.3.1 Micro-PICs 231

11.3.2 Optical Interconnects 233

11.3.3 Optical Coupling 234

11.3.4 Wafer Bonding 237

11.3.5 Hybrid Silica/MOEMS 238

11.3.6 Hybrid PBG 239

11.4 Fabrication of Smart Coatings 239

Chapter 12 Advanced Microphotonic Devices 245

12.1 Photonic Computer 245

12.1.1 SEEDs 246

12.2 Optical Memory Storage Devices 246

12.3 Photonic-Band-Gap Sensors 249

12.4 Cascade Lasers 249

12.5 Miniaturized IR Spectrometers 252

12.6 Miniature FP Filters 261

12.7 Miniature Shutter Arrays 265

12.7.1 VO[subscript 2]-Based Shutter Arrays 270

12.7.2 MEMS Shutter Arrays 272

12.7.2.1 Shutter Arrays Based on Comb Electrodes 272

12.7.2.2 Shutter Arrays Based on Sweeping Blades 273

12.7.2.3 Shutter Arrays Based on Zipping Actuators 274

12.8 Superprism 276

Chapter 13 Quantum Photonic Systems 279

13.1 Quantum Communications 279

13.1.1 Quantum Dense Coding 280

13.1.2 Teleporting System 281

13.2 Building Blocks 283

13.2.1 Entanglers 284

13.2.1.1 Time-Bin Qubit Entanglers 284

13.2.1.2 Polarization Qubit Entanglers 284

13.2.1.3 PPLN-Based Entanglers 288

13.2.2 Modulators 288

13.2.3 Decoders 290

13.2.4 Single-Photon Detectors 293

13.2.4.1 APDs 294

13.2.4.2 Frequency Up-Converters 294

13.2.5 Tomographers 294

13.2.6 Quantum Node 295

13.2.6.1 Quantum Node for Dense Coding 295

13.2.6.2 Teleporting Node 296

13.2.6.3 Time-Bin Qubit Quantum Node 298

13.2.6.4 Microphotonic Quantum Nodes 299

13.2.7 Repeaters 302

13.3 Quantum Computers 303

13.3.1 Computer Building Blocks 304

13.3.2 LOQC 305

13.3.3 HOM Interferometer 306

13.3.4 Beam Splitter Entangler 307

13.3.5 Quantum Parity Checker 308

13.3.6 CNOT Gate 310

13.3.7 Teleportation Photonic Circuit 316

13.4 Quantum Cryptography 316

Chapter 14 Future Systems and Their Applications 323

14.1 Microphotonics in Space 323

14.2 Optical Interconnects for Spacecraft 327

14.3 Satellite Optical Communication Links 329

14.3.1 Downlink Communications 338

14.4 Quantum Communication Links in Space 341

14.5 Optical Beamformers for SAR Antennas 344

14.5.1 Optical Beamformers Based on Bulk Optics 349

14.5.2 Optical Beamforming Networks Based on Fiber-Optic Components 350

14.5.3 Microphotonic Beamformers 351

14.6 Photonic Sensing Systems 356

14.6.1 Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor Systems 357

14.6.2 Gyroscopes 358

14.7 Satellite Navigation Systems 363

14.8 Thermal Radiator Devices 367

14.8.1 Mechanical Louvers 370

14.8.2 MEMS-Based Louvers 370

14.8.3 Smart Thermal Radiators 371

14.8.3.1 La[subscript 1-x] M[subscript x]MnO[subscript n] 371

14.8.3.2 WO[subscript 3] 371

14.8.3.3 VO[subscript 2]-Based STR 372

14.9 Sun Shields 377

14.9.1 Currently Used Sun Shields 379

14.9.2 Microphotonic Sun Shields 380.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0849340268

9780849340260

OCLC:

65198064

Online:

Publisher description