Debris flow : mechanics, prediction and countermeasures / Tamotsu Takahashi.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Takahashi, Tamotsu, 1939-

Series:

Balkema-proceedings and monographs in engineering, water, and earth sciences

Balkema-proceedings and monographs in engineering, water and earth sciences

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Debris avalanches.

Physical Description:

xvi, 448 pages : illustrations, maps ; 26 cm.

Edition:

[English edition].

Place of Publication:

London ; New York : Taylor & Francis, [2007]

Summary:

This is a comprehensive account of the mechanics, prediction and countermeasures of debris flow, from both a theoretical and applied standpoint. The first part of the book describes fundamental mechanical aspects, such as flow characteristics, type classification, mechanics, occurrence and development, fully-developed flow and deposition processes. In the second half of the book, light is shed on computer-simulated reproductions of real disasters and possible applications of these simulations. Special attention is paid to debris flow controlling structures, design effectiveness and performance, soft countermeasure problems, such as the identification of debris flow prone ravines, and the prediction of occurrence by means of precipitation threshold. The qualitative and fundamental character of this book makes it a valuable textbook for graduate level courses, but it is also recommended reading for those with a professional interest in the mechanics and counter-measures of debris flow in engineering, geosciences and water resources. The Japanese version of this book was awarded the 'Publishing Culture Prize' from the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (2004).

Contents:

Preface to the English edition xiii

Chapter 1 What is debris flow? 1

1.1 Various sediment moving phenomena 3

1.2 Definition of debris flow 6

1.3 Classification and characteristics of debris flows 8

1.3.1 Stony-type debris flow 8

1.3.2 Turbulent-muddy-type debris flow 18

1.3.3 Viscous debris flow 19

1.4 The significance of the mechanical classification of debris flows 24

1.5 Classifications on the other points of view 30

Chapter 2 Models for mechanics of flow 33

2.1 Models for solids and fluid mixture as the multi-phase flow 35

2.2 Single-phase continuum models 38

2.2.1 Visco-plastic fluid model 39

2.2.2 Dilatant fluid model 42

2.3 Two-phase continuum models (Mixture theory) 52

2.3.1 Stress equilibrium equations 52

2.3.2 Coulomb mixture theory (Quasi-static debris flow) 54

2.4 Theory for subaerial rapid granular flows 55

2.4.1 Particle collision stress 58

2.4.2 Kinetic stress 60

2.4.3 Skeletal stresses 62

2.4.4 Constitutive relations 62

2.4.5 Application of the theory to dry granular flow 63

2.4.6 Comparison with other constitutive relations for inertial range 69

2.5 Role of interstitial fluid in inertial debris flows 72

2.6 The mechanism of immature and turbulent-muddy debris flows 73

2.6.1 Immature debris flow 73

2.6.2 Turbulent-muddy debris flow 77

2.7 Generalized theory for inertial debris flows 81

2.7.1 Theoretical considerations 81

2.7.2 Verification by experimental data 85

2.7.3 Approximate solutions for solids concentration and resistance to flow 89

2.8 Newtonian fluid model for viscous debris flow 92

2.8.1 Theoretical considerations 92

2.8.2 Verification by experiments 98

Chapter 3 Initiation and development of debris flow 103

3.1 Initiation and development of debris flow due to gully bed erosion 105

3.1.1 The formation of incipient debris flow by the effects of surface water runoff 105

3.1.2 The development of stony debris flow on sediment bed 112

3.1.3 Verification of the theory by experiments 119

3.2 Landslide-induced debris flow 124

3.2.1 Model for the transformation into debris flow 125

3.2.2 Mathematical model for the one-dimensional motion of an earth block 127

3.2.3 Numerical simulation of earth block and debris flow motions across a three-dimensional terrain 133

3.3 Debris flow and flood flow induced by the collapse of natural dam 143

3.3.1 Formative conditions and shapes of natural dam 144

3.3.2 Failure in entire channel width and the resulting debris flow 148

3.3.3 Prediction of debris flow/flood flow induced by the overflow in partial width 157

Chapter 4 Characteristics of fully-developed flow 169

4.1 Translation of debris flow surge and the shape of the snout 171

4.1.1 The case of stony-type debris flow 171

4.1.2 The case of viscous-type debris flow 174

4.2 Boulder accumulation at the forefront of stony debris flow 178

4.2.1 Various concepts for the mechanism 178

4.2.2 The theory of Takahashi (1980) 180

4.3 Ability to transport large boulders 185

4.4 The causes of intermittency 188

4.5 Debris flow around bend 190

4.6 Routing of debris flow in the transferring reach 194

4.6.1 Kinematic wave method 194

4.6.2 Dynamic wave method 206

Chapter 5 Processes and geomorphology of deposition 211

5.1 One-dimensional stoppage/depositing processes of stony debris flow 213

5.1.1 The arrival distance at the sudden change in channel slope 213

5.1.2 Topography of deposit formed at a sudden slope change 215

5.1.3 Numerical simulation of depositing process 222

5.2 One-dimensional depositing process of turbulent muddy debris flow 224

5.3 Formation of a debris flow fan 227

5.3.1 Description of the experimental results for stony debris flow and empirical presentations of the feature of a debris flow fan 227

5.3.2 Numerical simulation of fan formation process and its verification 233

5.3.3 Numerical simulation of fan formation by turbulent debris flow 235

5.4 Particle size distribution in the fan formed by stony debris flow 239

5.4.1 General situations found in the field and experimental data 239

5.4.2 Mathematical model for the particle size distributions 241

5.5 Erosion and deformation of a debris flow fan 250

5.5.1 Experiments for the process of erosion 250

5.5.2 Model and its verification for the fan comprised of uniform material 251

5.5.3 Model and its verification for the fan comprised of heterogeneous material 254

Chapter 6 Debris flow disasters and their reproduction by computer simulations 257

6.1 The rain storm disasters at Okuetsu 259

6.1.1 Outline of the disaster 259

6.1.2 The natural dam formation and the damage done by backwater 261

6.1.3 Processes of destruction of the natural dam and the damage downstream 268

6.2 Horadani debris flow disaster 272

6.2.1 Outline of the disaster 272

6.2.2 Hydrograph estimation of the debris flow 274

6.2.3 Reproduction of debris flow depositing area on the fan 281

6.3 Collapse of the tailings dam at Stava, northern Italy 283

6.3.1 Outline of the disasters 283

6.3.2 Reproduction of the debris flow in the Stava River and its verification 288

6.4 Disasters caused by the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano 293

6.4.1 Outline of the disasters 293

6.4.2 Reproduction of the phenomena 296

6.5 Sediment disasters in Venezuela 304

6.5.1 Outline of the disasters 304

6.5.2 Debris flow routing under an arbitrary rainfall condition 309

6.5.3 Reproduction of the debris flow hydrograph and others in the Camuri Grande River 317

6.5.4 Reproduction of sediment flooding on the Camuri Grande fan 321

6.6 Debris flow disasters at Atsumari, Hougawachi of Minamata City 326

6.6.1 Outline of the disasters 326

6.6.2 Reproduction of the processes of debris flow 329

Chapter 7 Countermeasures for debris flow disasters 335

7.1 Methods to prevent debris flow generation 337

7.1.1 Hillside works 337

7.1.2 Drainage works 337

7.1.3 Groundsill and bed girdle 338

7.2 Debris flow control by closed-type check dam 342

7.2.1 Sediment depositing process behind check (sabo) dam 342

7.2.2 Erosion process of the deposit behind the sabo dam 344

7.2.3 Effects of sediment control by sabo dam to downstream 352

7.3 Debris flow control by open-type sabo dams 354

7.3.1 Kinds and sediment checking mechanisms of open-type sabo dams 354

7.3.2 Blocking model of grid-type dam 357

7.3.3 Model for debris flow controlling by a grid-type sabo dam 360

7.3.4 Determination of the optimum spacing and the optimum position to install 366

7.4 Making debris flow harmless by channel works and training walls 371

7.4.1 Design of countermeasures on the fan of the Camuri Grande River 371

7.4.2 Management of debris flow by a training dike 379

7.5 Design debris flows for countermeasure planning 382

7.5.1 Method based on the previous data 383

7.5.2 Prediction of total sediment runoff by field investigation 384

7.5.3 Theoretical prediction of debris flow scale 386

7.6 Debris flow prone ravines and hazardous areas 401

7.6.1 Debris flow prone ravine 401

7.6.2 Hazardous zone by debris flow 404

7.7 Prediction of debris flow occurrence by rainfall 409.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [419]-428) and index.

ISBN:

9780415435529

0415435528

OCLC:

77486014