Human variation : races, types, and ethnic groups / Stephen Molnar.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Molnar, Stephen, 1931-

Contributor:

Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Physical anthropology.

Race.

Anthropology, Physical.

Variation (Genetics).

Racial Groups.

Ethnicity.

Medical Subjects:

Anthropology, Physical.

Variation (Genetics).

Racial Groups.

Ethnicity.

Physical Description:

xiv, 434 pages : illustrations, maps ; 23 cm

Edition:

Sixth edition.

Place of Publication:

Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall, [2006]

Summary:

This classic introduction to human variation has been updated to include the issues and controversies facing the contemporary study of diversity. Covers the adaptation of complex traits; how the race concept shapes our perspective of health and disease; the distribution of human differences; and human variability and behavior. For those studying anthropology, biology, evolution, or human variation or human diversity.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Biological Diversity and the Race Concept: An Introduction 1

Human Variation: Its Discovery and Classification 3

Anthropometry: The Measures of Human Variation 8

Eugenics 15

Racial Boundaries: Fact or Fiction? 18

Race, Geography, and Origins 24

Confusions and Contradictions of Human Classification 28

Human Biological Variability: A Perspective 32

Chapter 2 The Biological Basis for Human Variation 33

Principles of Inheritance 34

Formal Human Genetics 46

Factors of Variation and Evolution 54

The Gene, DNA, and the "Code of Life" 63

Chromosomes at the Molecular Level 73

Gene Clusters and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) 77

Y-Chromosome DNA Polymorphisms 80

Mitochondrial DNA 81

Genes and Populations: A Summary 83

Chapter 3 Traits of Simple Inheritance I: Blood Groups and Proteins 85

Blood Components and Inherited Traits 86

The Blood Groups 87

The Blood Groups: An Overview 108

White Blood Cell (WBC) Antigens 109

Polymorphisms of Serum Proteins 113

Inborn Errors of Metabolism 118

Other Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest 131

Traits of Simple Inheritance: Some Conclusions 133

Chapter 4 Traits of Simple Inheritance II: Hemoglobin Variants and DNA Markers 134

Hemoglobins: Normal and Abnormal 135

Distribution of Hemoglobin S 141

Malaria and Natural Selection 145

Other Abnormal Hemoglobins 148

The Enzyme G6PD (Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase) 152

Distribution of Red-Cell Variants in Sardinian Populations 155

Gene Frequency Changes and African Americans 156

DNA Markers of Human Variation 158

Genetic Markers at the DNA Level: Some Conclusions 173

Chapter 5 Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: I 175

The Structure and Function of Skin 176

Skin Color, Geography, and Natural Selection 182

Skin Color and Evolution 191

Craniofacial Traits 193

Eye Color and Hair Color 203

Human Form and Its Variability 205

Body Size and Form: Perspectives of Heredity 213

Chapter 6 Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: II 215

Characteristics of Growth and Development 216

Nutritional Influences 234

Adaptation to Cold or Hot Environments 246

High Altitude Environments: Stresses and Responses 257

Conclusions: Complex Traits and Their Adaptations 267

Chapter 7 Human Variability, Behavior, and Racism 269

Race, Nations, and Racism 271

Intelligence Quotient: A Measure of Mental Ability? 277

Behavior and Inheritance or Inheritance of Behavior 292

Class and Caste 301

Genetics, Intelligence, and the Future 306

Chapter 8 Distribution of Human Biodiversity 309

Some Factors Contributing to Gene Distribution 311

Races, Ethnic Groups, or Breeding Populations 314

Breeding Populations 325

Clinal Distribution of Traits 337

Breeding Populations versus Clines 340

Chapter 9 Perspectives of Health and Human Diversity: Influences of the Race Concept 343

Epidemiological Transition: The Distribution and Type of Disease 346

The Developing World and Epidemiological Transitions 359

A New World, but Old Diseases 362

What Is a Race? 364

Genes, Races, Environments, and Diseases: Some Conclusions 368

Chapter 10 Changing Dimensions of the Human Species 370

Population Size and Growth: Historical Perspectives 371

Factors of Population Change 375

Empowerment of Women 383

Fertility Differences and Population Composition 386

Demographic Balances 388

Regional Changes of World Populations 393

Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups: Where Are We? 398

1-1 A Classification of Apes and Humans 5

1-2 Representative Skull Shapes Viewed from Above 10

1-3 Polar-Projection Map of the world Showing the Limits of Nine Geographical Races Described by Garn (1961) 20

1-4 Models of Human Origins 26

1-5 Racial Classifications according to U.S. Census of 2000 31

2-1 Independent Segregation: Mendel's First Law 35

2-2 Independent Assortment: Mendel's Second Law 36

2-3 Stages of Cell Division 38

2-4 Crossover of X-Chromosome Fragments during Meiosis 41

2-5 Human Chromosomes in Mitosis 44

2-6 X- and Y-Chromosomes 45

2-7 Examples of X-Linked Inheritance 48

2-8 Dominant Inheritance: Examples of Abnormal Traits 50

2-9 Inheritance of ABO Blood Types 51

2-10 Recessive Inheritance: Examples of Abnormal Traits 52

2-11 Skin-Color Distributions of Blacks and Whites 53

2-12a Nucleotide Structure, the Basic Unit of the DNA Molecule 65

2-12b Schematic Diagram Depicting the Ladderlike Arrangement of DNA 66

2-12c Helical Shape of DNA Molecule and Semiconservative Replication 67

2-13 Amino Acid Sequences of Three Types of Beta Globin 68

2-14 Transcription of DNA and the Synthesis of Messenger RNA (mRNA) 70

2-15 Formation of Polypeptide Chains 72

2-16 DNA and Chromosome Structure 74

2-17 DNA Fragment Separation by the Southern Blotting Technique 75

2-18a Diagram of the Beta Globin Gene of Human Hemoglobin 78

2-18b Diagram of the Beta Globin Gene Cluster 79

3-1 Blood Components 86

3-2 Diagram of Antibodies-Antigen Reactions 87

3-3 Basic Chemical Structure for the ABO Blood Group 91

3-4 Synthesis of ABH Chemical Structure 92

3-5 ABO Blood Group Distribution 93.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 402-419) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0131927655

9780131927650

OCLC:

62341993